“…Using the double-hurdle model, Muthini et al (2017) examined the determinants of smallholder farmers' choice of mango marketing channels in Kenya and found that distance to tarmac road, number of trees, group membership, access to training services, access to extension services, income, market information access and gender influenced the choice of marketing channels, while only group membership significantly influenced the intensity of participation in the export market. Also applying the double-hurdle model, Musara et al (2018) assessed market participation and marketing channel preferences by small-scale sorghum farmers in semi-arid Zimbabwe and found that choice of marketing channels was influenced by market price of sorghum, number of buyers in the market, distance to the market, dependency ratio, and household income. Using the Heckman two-stage selection model, Kyaw et al (2018) assessed the drivers of smallholder rice farmers' participation in agricultural markets and found that the decision to participate in the rice market was influenced by age, education, household size, total produce of rice, price of rice, household income, ownership of livestock, membership of farmer organization, access to roads, distance to market, access to extension services, and market information.…”