Market Mechanism Design of Inertia and Primary Frequency Response With Consideration of Energy Market

Li, Kexin; Guo, Hongye; Fang, Xichen; Liu, Shuangquan; Teng, Fei; Chen, Qixin

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2022.3223497

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Currently, most energy markets globally operate in two stages: the day-ahead energy market and the real-time balancing market. These are jointly cleared in the energy and frequency regulation markets [19], [20]. This study focuses specifically on the carbon trading mechanism in the Chinese market.…”

Section: Two-stage Bidding Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Bidding Strategy for PV and BESSs in Joint Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets Considering Carbon Reduction Benefits

Bian,

Song,

Ding

et al. 2024

Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

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Photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are key components in the energy market and crucial contributors to carbon emission reduction targets. These systems can not only provide energy but can also generate considerable revenue by providing frequency regulation services and participating in carbon trading. This study proposes a bidding strategy for PV and BESSs operating in joint energy and frequency regulation markets, with a specific focus on carbon reduction benefits. A two-stage bidding framework that optimizes the profit of PV and BESSs is presented. In the first stage, the day-ahead energy market takes into account potential realtime forecast deviations. In the second stage, the real-time balancing market uses a rolling optimization method to account for multiple uncertainties. Notably, a real-time frequency regulation control method is proposed for the participation of PV and BESSs in automatic generation control (AGC). This is particularly relevant given the uncertainty of grid frequency fluctuations in the optimization model of the real-time balancing market. This control method dynamically assigns the frequency regulation amount undertaken by the PV and BESSs according to the control interval in which the area control error (ACE) occurs. The case study results demonstrate that the proposed bidding strategy not only enables the PV and BESSs to effectively participate in the grid frequency regulation response but also yields considerable carbon emission reduction benefits and effectively improves the system operation economy.

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Section: Two-stage Bidding Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Bidding Strategy for PV and BESSs in Joint Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets Considering Carbon Reduction Benefits

Bian,

Song,

Ding

et al. 2024

Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

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“…As a result, each inverter is expected to join the ancillary services market and provide frequency regulation services [34]. The revenue resulting from providing these services can be expressed as follows [35]:…”

Section: ) Frequency Regulation Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Power Coordination for a Large Population of Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverters Based on Mean Field Games Theory

Xu,

Chu,

2023

IEEE Access

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In a grid with a high proportion of renewable energy, the coordinated control between gridforming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters becomes crucial for maintaining aspects such as frequency and voltage regulation. This paper presents a decentralized competitive power coordination scheme, designed for a large-scale networked inverter system based on the Mean Field Games (MFG) concept. This scheme effectively harmonizes GFM and GFL inverters to achieve both frequency recovery and active power distribution within the distribution network. Each inverter devises its optimal active power control strategy by maximizing a frequency-constrained revenue function. Through the market price, each inverter's control strategy influences others' strategies. Importantly, this scheme simplifies the interaction among inverters by averaging the impacts generated by each inverter's control strategies. For the MFG control scheme, a decentralized policy iteration algorithm is proposed, eliminating the need for information exchange between inverters and significantly decreasing the communication burden. The effectiveness of the proposed control framework is corroborated using the IEEE 33 test system.INDEX TERMS Active power coordination, frequency regulation, grid-forming, grid-following, mean field games.

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“…First, the non-linearity of the nadir constraints makes it challenging to incorporate them into a MILP-based UC model. Many studies use Piece Wise Linear (PWL) [1], [8], [9], [11]- [17], [19] and Benders' Decomposition (BD) [18], [22]- [25] methods to integrate the constraint. Piecewise linearization allows for the representation of nonlinear functions with a series of linear segments, offering more flexibility in modeling complex relationships.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-term simulations with realistic time series data and real-world systems are necessary for comprehensive validation under various system operation scenarios. Most studies use a simulation of one day (24 hours) [1], [8], [9], [11], [14]- [19], [22]- [25]. The volatile operation conditions of high-IBR penetration power systems, including the impact of large-capacity PV-battery systems and their operating hours, cannot be fully satisfied with his short-term validation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Nadir Constrained Unit Commitment for High Renewable Penetration Island Power Systems

Liu,

Fang,

Gao

et al. 2024

IEEE Open J. Power Energy

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The process of energy decarbonization in island power systems is accelerated due to the swift integration of inverter-based renewable energy resources (IBRs). The unique features of such systems, including rapid frequency changes resulting from potential generation outages or imbalances due to the unpredictability of renewable power, pose a significant challenge in maintaining the frequency nadir without external support. This paper presents a unit commitment (UC) model with data-driven frequency nadir constraints, including either frequency nadir or minimum inertia requirements, helping to limit frequency deviations after significant generator outages. The constraints are formulated using a linear regression model that takes advantage of real-world, year-long generation scheduling and dynamic simulation data. The efficacy of the proposed UC model is verified through a year-long simulation in an actual island power system using historical weather data. The alternative minimum inertia constraint, derived from actual system operation assumptions, is also evaluated. Findings demonstrate that the proposed frequency nadir constraint notably improves the system's frequency nadir under high photovoltaic (PV) penetration levels, albeit with a slight increase in generation costs, when compared to the alternative minimum inertia constraint.

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Market Mechanism Design of Inertia and Primary Frequency Response With Consideration of Energy Market

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Optimal Bidding Strategy for PV and BESSs in Joint Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets Considering Carbon Reduction Benefits

Optimal Bidding Strategy for PV and BESSs in Joint Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets Considering Carbon Reduction Benefits

Active Power Coordination for a Large Population of Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverters Based on Mean Field Games Theory

Frequency Nadir Constrained Unit Commitment for High Renewable Penetration Island Power Systems

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