“…Therefore, a set of faultless regulations and hedging tools is necessary to restrict the disturbance from HFT, avoid circuit breakers, and maintain global financial order. G20 leaders have aimed to avoid disturbances in interest rates and the foreign exchange derivatives market by committing to increasing transparency in derivatives markets through the implementation of mandatory reporting of derivatives contracts [4][5][6]. To address regulators' concerns and the potential threats of HFT, a forward-starting Asian option (FSAO) evaluation formula was developed in this study to cope with the potential instability of interest rates, equity, and commodity and foreign-exchange markets.…”