Markers of pregnancy: how early can we detect pregnancies in cattle usingpregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and microRNAs?

Reese, Sydney T; Pereira, M. C.; Vasconcelos, José Luiz Moraes; Smith, M. F.; Green, Jonathan A.; Geary, T. W.; Peres, R. F. G.; Perry, George A.; Pohler, K. G.

doi:10.21451/1984-3143-ar878

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Early pregnancy detection allows the re-insemination of non-pregnant cows as soon as possible to reduce calving intervals and replace infertile cows. Accurate and early detection of pregnancy is a necessary procedure in livestock management since it assists in reducing open days of cows that failed to conceive, leading to significant economic gains ( 17 ). When a pregnant cow is mistakenly classified as non-pregnant, the stresses caused by treatment and re-insemination might increase the possibility of iatrogenic abortion ( 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a barium chloride test with ELISA for pregnancy detection in cows

Ghaidan

Mukhtar

Dyary

2020

Journal of Veterinary Research

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IntroductionEarly detection of pregnancy is vital for appropriate reproductive management programmes to facilitate the rapid re-insemination of non-pregnant females and reduce the calving interval.Material and MethodsA barium chloride test was compared with a commercial progesterone ELISA to detect pregnancy in non-descriptive cows and investigate if it could be applied as an alternative to ELISA in the field. Blood and urine samples were collected from 74 cows with recorded insemination dates. The progesterone ELISA and barium chloride assay were implemented to detect progesterone (P4) in blood and urine specimens, respectively. The cows' reproductive systems were examined after they were slaughtered to determine the uterus's status. Macroscopic examination of the uterus was used as a reference standard for both tests.ResultsThe sensitivity rates of the P4 ELISA and barium chloride test to detect pregnant cows were 100.0% and 79.4%, and to detect the corpus luteum (CL) were 83.0% and 87.0%, respectively, their sensitivity increasing in the presence of the CL. The ELISA and barium chloride tests were 79.7% and 52.7% accurate in the diagnosis of pregnancy. The accuracy of the barium chloride test in CL detection increased to 81.0%, and that of the ELISA to 86.4%. There were no significant differences (P = 0.052) between the barium chloride assay and ELISA when they were utilised for the identification of the CL.ConclusionThe barium chloride test can be an inexpensive and time-saving alternative to ELISA in pregnancy diagnosis when the insemination date is known.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a barium chloride test with ELISA for pregnancy detection in cows

Ghaidan

Mukhtar

Dyary

2020

Journal of Veterinary Research

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“…Limits of both must be considered. Pregnancy diagnosis based on day 31 PAG concentration has been shown to be comparable to accuracy from day 31 ultrasound [30,39,49]. Based on this set of data, the ability to detect nonpregnant animals by PAG concentration at day 24 is variable as evident by the inconclusive predictive cutoff value in both study 1 and 2.…”

Section: Fig 4 Study 2 Day 24 Pag Concentration By Paritymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Following migration of binucleated trophoblast cells and interdigitation of microvilli on fetal and maternal membranes, PAGs enter the maternal circulation [28,29] and are detectable by a multitude of different assays. Pregnancy diagnosis through detection of PAGs is well established and available commercially in cattle and other ruminants beginning at day 28 of gestation [30]. Pregnancy associated glycoproteins may be detected in circulation of Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for predictive value analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle using pregnancy associated glycoprotein concentration in circulation at day 24 of gestation

et al. 2018

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Cattle producers are limited to day 28-30 of gestation as the earliest time point for accurate pregnancy diagnosis due to the effectiveness of ultrasound and chemical based methods, including commercially available pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) tests. The objective of the current studies were to determine if early gestation circulating PAG concentrations at day 24 could be used to diagnose pregnancy in dairy cattle undergoing embryo transfer. In vitro produced embryos were transferred into Holstein x Gir cows and heifers on day 7 following ovulation. Study 1 utilized only cows (n = 101) determined to be pregnant on day 24 of gestation by progesterone concentration, as well as CL and PAG presence. In study 2, animals were not predetermined to be pregnant and both heifers (n = 111) and cows (n = 242) were used. In both studies, blood was collected at day 24 for PAG analysis as well as day 31. Final pregnancy confirmation occurred on day 60 via transrectal ultrasonography. Serum PAG concentrations were quantified using an in house PAG ELISA. Following timed embryo transfer (TET) in study 1, of the 101 cows diagnosed as pregnant on day 24, 80 cows were identified as still pregnant on day 31 of gestation (77%). Study 2 had a pregnancy rate at day 31 of 33.7% of total embryos transferred. Mean circulating PAG concentration at day 24 differed (P < 0.001) between animals diagnosed pregnant and non-pregnant at day 31 in both studies (study 1, 2.964 ± 0.262 ng/mL vs 0.946 ± 0.168 ng/mL and study 2, 1.962 ± 0.261 ng/mL vs 0.731 ± 0.109 ng/mL). Concentration of PAG between pregnant and non-pregnant cows in study 1 and 2 was significant, however, pregnant heifers in study 2 (1.562 ± 0.266 ng/mL) had concentration of PAGs that only had a tendency to differ compared to non-pregnant heifers (non-pregnant, 0.799 ± 0.290 ng/mL; P = 0.0669). Only animals that were pregnant at day 31 were analyzed in late embryo mortality analysis (heifers, n = 54; cows, n = 159), defined as pregnancy loss between day 31 and 60. Between day 31 and 60, 39 (12 in study 1 and 28 in study 2) animals experienced late embryo mortality. Circulating concentrations of PAG were not significantly different (P > 0.05), in either study, at day 24 of gestation in animals that maintained pregnancy until day 60 compared to animals that lost pregnancy between day 31 and 60 (late embryo mortality, LEM). In summary, early gestation circulating PAG concentration may have application in diagnosing pregnancy at day 24 of gestation and more work is needed to determine the potential of early gestation PAGs in predicting embryo loss in dairy.

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“…Until now, the knowledge about the exact number and function of bovine PAG (boPAG) is incomplete [7], but the accumulation and circulation in maternal blood and milk have made boPAG a very useful and important tool for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle [5,[9][10][11][12]. Different studies demonstrated that boPAG can be used as reliable pregnancy markers in serum and milk, applicable as early as approximately day 25 post breeding [5,[13][14][15]. Thus, the detection of boPAG in serum or milk is an alternative method to transrectal ultrasonography or progesterone assays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, boPAG-determination allows the direct identification of a placental product present in the maternal system that can be used as a marker of a viable pregnancy [ 16 ]. Some studies already figured out that boPAG are effective at identifying cows that will undergo early fetal mortality or late embryonic loss and are potential markers for a healthy placental function [ 15 , 17 , 18 ]. For these reasons, the measurement of boPAG in blood or milk is an important and powerful diagnostic tool for livestock management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a Sandwich-ELISA for simultaneous quantification of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein in serum and milk

Krebs

Kilic

Mütze³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (boPAG) are expressed by trophoblast cells in the bovine placenta. The multigene family of boPAG belongs to the group of aspartic proteases. The accumulation and circulation in maternal blood and milk has made boPAG very useful and important for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. The goal of the present study was to develop and validate a new Sandwich-ELISA which allows the detection of boPAG in maternal serum and whole milk. Therefore, 984 serum and 928 milk samples were collected monthly from 231 Holstein Friesian cows (Bos Taurus) from one week after insemination (p.i.) until six weeks postpartum. The ELISA is able to identify a cow as being pregnant at day 30 p.i. in serum and at day 40 p.i in milk with threshold values of 1.0 ng/ml in serum and 0.0165 ng/ml in milk. The postpartum half-life of boPAG was estimated to be 6.4 days in serum and 7.1 days in milk. The boPAG profile established during pregnancy in serum and milk showed a typical pattern. The amount of boPAG found in milk was 1.5 % of the amount of boPAG present in serum. In conclusion, a Sandwich-ELISA has been developed to quantify boPAG in serum and in whole milk simultaneously with the same test procedure. This is time saving for farmers and more efficient for laboratories.

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Markers of pregnancy: how early can we detect pregnancies in cattle usingpregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and microRNAs?

Cited by 26 publications

References 69 publications

Comparison of a barium chloride test with ELISA for pregnancy detection in cows

Comparison of a barium chloride test with ELISA for pregnancy detection in cows

Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle using pregnancy associated glycoprotein concentration in circulation at day 24 of gestation

Establishment of a Sandwich-ELISA for simultaneous quantification of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein in serum and milk

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