Markers of Oxidative Stress and Neuroprogression in Depression Disorder

Abstract

Major depression is multifactorial disorder with high prevalence and alarming prognostic in the nearest 15 years. Several mechanisms of depression are known. Neurotransmitters imbalance and imbalance between neuroprogressive and neuroprotective factors are observed in major depression. Depression is accompanied by inflammatory responses of the organism and consequent elevation of proinflammatory cytokines and increased lipid peroxidation are described in literature. Neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression are also associated with telomerase shortening, oxidative changes in nucleotides, and polymorphisms in several genes connected to metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrion dysfunction is directly associated with increasing levels of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays significant role in pathophysiology of major depression via actions of free radicals, nonradical molecules, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Products of oxidative stress represent important parameters for measuring and predicting of depression status as well as for determining effectiveness of administrated antidepressants. Positive effect of micronutrients, vitamins, and antioxidants in depression treatment is also reviewed.

Antidepressant‐like effects of 20(S)‐protopanaxadiol in a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress and the related mechanisms

“…Knowingly, the hippocampus and frontal cortex are more susceptible to oxidative damage. Depression is a disorder that is always accompanied by oxidative stress, which is associated with an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a loss of antioxidant defence systems (Vaváková, Ďuračková, Trebatická, & Longevity, ). Various early studies have indicated that patients with depression have lower levels of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in higher levels of ROS (M. Maes, ; Rangaswamy & Swathi, ).…”

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis as a novel oxidative stress marker in women with major depressive disorder

“…Recent studies have shown that depression is associated with oxidative stress and the dysregulation of antioxidant capacity. 3 Oxidative stress is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, and metabolic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity. 4 Additionally, metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities, which are associated with oxidative stress, are thought to be major causes of mortality in mood disorders.…”

Untitled

“…A study conducted by researchers in patients experienced cumulative depressive episodes with high level of c-reactive proteins which is the indicator of inflammation at Duke University Medical Center in 2012. The inflammation is an integral part of the stress response 40 . Inflammatory cells induced oxidative stress by secreting some hydrolyzing enzymes and ROS (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical etc).…”