Marker-free on-the-fly fabrication of graphene devices based on fluorescence quenching

Sagar, Adarsh; Kern, Klaus; Balasubramanian, Kannan

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/1/015303

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…[8][9][10] Graphene (and its oxide) exhibits excellent quenching of nearby fluorescent materials, [11][12][13][14] a property shared with carbon nanotubes. 15,16 This technique has allowed spectacular contrast images, enabling far easier optical identification 12 (and prospects for device manipulation 17 ) of graphene's flakes. Given the mature nature of fluorescent microscopy, particularly in the biological sciences, their combination with increasingly available and versatile graphene nanostructures could open interesting research directions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence quenching in graphene: A fundamental ruler and evidence for transverse plasmons

Gómez‐Santos

Stauber

2011

Phys. Rev. B

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Graphene's fluorescence quenching is studied as a function of distance. Transverse decay channels, full retardation, and graphene-field coupling to all orders are included, extending previous instantaneous results. For neutral graphene, a virtually exact analytical expression for the fluorescence yield is derived, valid for arbitrary distances and only based on the fine structure constant α, the fluorescent wavelength λ, and distance z. Thus graphene's fluorescence quenching measurements provide a fundamental distance ruler. For doped graphene and at appropriate energies, the fluorescence yield at large distances is dominated by transverse plasmons, providing a platform for their detection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence quenching in graphene: A fundamental ruler and evidence for transverse plasmons

Gómez‐Santos

Stauber

2011

Phys. Rev. B

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“…FQM is a novel technique for visualizing graphene that is based on the quenching of fluorescence via resonant energy transfer between dye molecules and graphene 21–23. FQM is an excellent technique for large‐scale graphene metrology because it can be performed on arbitrary substrates, the imaging time is short, large areas can be measured, and the imaging equipment (a fluorescence microscope) is widely available 24–27. In FQM, the quenching of dye fluorescence is visualized by spin‐coating a solution of polymer mixed with a fluorescent dye onto the graphene sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centimeter‐Scale High‐Resolution Metrology of Entire CVD‐Grown Graphene Sheets

Kyle

Ozkan

2011

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A high-throughput metrology method for measuring the thickness and uniformity of entire large-area chemical vapor deposition-grown graphene sheets on arbitrary substrates is demonstrated. This method utilizes the quenching of fluorescence by graphene via resonant energy transfer to increase the visibility of graphene on a glass substrate. Fluorescence quenching is visualized by spin-coating a solution of polymer mixed with fluorescent dye onto the graphene then viewing the sample under a fluorescence microscope. A large-area fluorescence montage image of the dyed graphene sample is collected and processed to identify the graphene and indicate the graphene layer thickness throughout the entire graphene sample. Using this metrology method, the effect of different transfer techniques on the quality of the graphene sheet is studied. It is shown that small-area characterization is insufficient to truly evaluate the effect of the transfer technique on the graphene sample. The results indicate that introducing a drop of acetone or liquid poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on top of the transfer PMMA layer before soaking the graphene sample in acetone improves the quality of the graphene dramatically over immediately soaking the graphene in acetone. This work introduces a new method for graphene quantification that can quickly and easily identify graphene layers in a large area on arbitrary substrates. This metrology technique is well suited for many industrial applications due to its repeatability and flexibility.

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“…In fact, undoped graphene exhibits a novel phenomenon of strong quenching induced by the high conductivity of the carbon sheet. [37][38][39][40] It is important to note that the radiative emission rate near graphene is comparable to Γ 0 and therefore negligible compared to SP launching. The carbon sheet is thus eager to absorb most of the optical energy released in its vicinity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Graphene Plasmonics: A Platform for Strong Light–Matter Interactions

2011

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Graphene plasmons provide a suitable alternative to noble-metal plasmons because they exhibit much larger confinement and relatively long propagation distances, with the advantage of being highly tunable via electrostatic gating. We report strong lightmatter interaction assisted by graphene plasmons, and in particular, we predict unprecedented high decay rates of quantum emitters in the proximity of a carbon sheet, large vacuum Rabi splitting and Purcell factors, and extinction cross sections exceeding the geometrical area in graphene ribbons and nanometer-sized disks. Our results provide the basis for the emerging and potentially far-reaching field of graphene plasmonics, offering an ideal platform for cavity quantum electrodynamics and supporting the possibility of single-molecule, single-plasmon devices. * To whom correspondence should be addressed Surfaces plasmons (SPs), the electromagnetic waves coupled to charge excitations at the surface of a metal, are the pillar stones of applications as varied as ultrasensitive optical biosensing, 1-3 photonic metamaterials, 4 light harvesting, 5,6 optical nano-antennas, 7 and quantum information processing. [8][9][10][11] However, even noble metals, which are widely regarded as the best available plasmonic materials, 12 are hardly tunable and exhibit large ohmic losses that limit their applicability to optical processing devices.In this context, doped graphene emerges as an alternative, unique two-dimensional plasmonic material that displays a wide range of extraordinary properties. 13 This atomically thick sheet of carbon is generating tremendous interest due to its superior electronic and mechanical properties, 14-20 which originate in part from its charge carriers of zero effective mass (the so-called Dirac fermions 18 ) that can travel for micrometers without scattering, even at room temperature. 21 Furthermore, rapid progress in growth and transfer techniques have sparked expectations for large-scale production of graphene-based devices and a wide range of potential applications such as high-frequency nanoelectronics, nanomechanics, transparent electrodes, and composite materials. 17 Recently, graphene has also been recognized as a versatile optical material for novel photonic 22 and optoelectronic applications, 23 such as solar cells, photodetectors, 24 light emitting devices, ultrafast lasers, optical sensing, 25 and metamaterials. 26 The outstanding potential of this atomic monolayer is emphasized by its remarkably high absorption 27,28 ≈ πα ≈ 2.3%, where α = e 2 /hc ≈ 1/137 is the fine-structure constant. Moreover, the linear dispersion of the Dirac fermions enables broadband applications, in which electric gating can be used to induce dramatic changes in the optical properties. 29All of these photonic and optoelectronic applications rely on the interaction of propagating far-field photons with graphene. Additionally, SPs bound to the surface of doped graphene exhibit a number of favorable properties that make graphene an attractive alternative to tr...

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Marker-free on-the-fly fabrication of graphene devices based on fluorescence quenching

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Fluorescence quenching in graphene: A fundamental ruler and evidence for transverse plasmons

Fluorescence quenching in graphene: A fundamental ruler and evidence for transverse plasmons

Centimeter‐Scale High‐Resolution Metrology of Entire CVD‐Grown Graphene Sheets

Graphene Plasmonics: A Platform for Strong Light–Matter Interactions

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