Marked Production of Ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and Compound K by Enzymatic Method

Ko, Soon Young; Suzuki, Yukio; Suzuki, Kei; Choi, Kang-Ju; Cho, Byung-Goo

doi:10.1248/cpb.55.1522

Cited by 75 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…1), and nineteen known saponins (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) (Fig. 2), including ginsenoside Rh4 (2), 8 ginsenoside Rk3 (3), 8 ginsenoside F1 (4), 9 (20E)-ginsenoside F4 (5), 10 ginsenoside Rg2 (6), pseudoginsenoside RC1 (7), 4 ginsenoside Rg6 (8), 12 ginsenoside F4 (9), 12 ginsenoside Rg1 (10), 13 6'-acetyl-ginsenoside Rg1 (11), 14 ginsenoside Rd (12), 6 ginsenoside Rc (13), 6 ginsenoside Rb 2 (14), 6 ginsenoside Re (15), 6 vinaginsenoside R4 (16), 6 ginsenoside Mb (17), 15 ginsenoside Rb1 (18), 6 ginsenoside Rs4 (19), 16 and 6'-acetyl-ginsenoside F1 (20), 14 respectively, on the basis of NMR, ESI-MS data, and comparison with those reported in the literature.…”

Section: -4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dammarane-Type Glycosides from the Steamed Flower-Buds of Panax ginseng

Tung¹,

Cho²,

Kim³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Section: -4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dammarane-Type Glycosides from the Steamed Flower-Buds of Panax ginseng

Tung¹,

Cho²,

Kim³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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“…Recent research on ginsenosides is focused mainly on the production of rare and effective ginsenosides through enzymatic deglycosylation (13,19,22,23,38). There have been several attempts to produce such biologically active deglycosylated ginsenosides (2,15,16,29), using microbial transformation (7,8), enzymatic deglycosylation (23,33), and mild acid hydrolysis (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been several attempts to produce such biologically active deglycosylated ginsenosides (2,15,16,29), using microbial transformation (7,8), enzymatic deglycosylation (23,33), and mild acid hydrolysis (12). Among them, enzymatic deglycosylation is the most preferred method, since it is substrate specific, produces fewer by-products, requires simple separation, results in high yields, and is environmentally friendly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of the Rhizobium sp. Strain GIN611 Glycoside Oxidoreductase Resulting in the Deglycosylation of Ginsenosides

Kim

Seo

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Using enrichment culture, Rhizobium sp. strain GIN611 was isolated as having activity for deglycosylation of a ginsenoside, compound K (CK). The purified heterodimeric protein complex from Rhizobium sp. GIN611 consisted of two subunits with molecular masses of 63.5 kDa and 17.5 kDa. In the genome, the coding sequence for the small subunit was located right after the sequence for the large subunit, with one nucleotide overlapping. The large subunit showed CK oxidation activity, and the deglycosylation of compound K was performed via oxidation of ginsenoside glucose by glycoside oxidoreductase. Coexpression of the small subunit helped soluble expression of the large subunit in recombinant Escherichia coli. The purified large subunit also showed oxidation activity against other ginsenoside compounds, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, F2, CK, Rh2, Re, F1, and the isoflavone daidzin, but at a much lower rate. When oxidized CK was extracted and incubated in phosphate buffer with or without enzyme, (S)-protopanaxadiol [PPD(S)] was detected in both cases, which suggests that deglycosylation of oxidized glucose is spontaneous.

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“…Among the selected ginsenosides, it was discovered that all had experimental evidences with the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line, except for ginsenoside F2. Ginsenoside F2 was produced by the hydrolysis of protopanaxadiol type saponin mixture by various glycosides 9 . It has been reported that F2 could be a new potential chemotherapeutic drug for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment by inhibiting the growth and invasion of cancer 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside F2 possesses anti-obesity activity via binding with PPARγ and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation in the 3T3-L1 cell line

Siraj

Natarajan

Kim

et al. 2014

Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry

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Panax ginseng Meyer has been shown to be effective in mitigating various diseases. Protopanaxadiols (PPD) and protopanaxatriols (PPT), which are the main constituents of ginseng, have been shown to impact obesity. Therefore, we selected several important ginsenosides to perform our docking study and determine if they had binding affinity with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARg), which is a major transcription factor in adipocytes. Among them, only a few ginsenosides demonstrated binding affinity with PPARg. Other than ginsenoside F2 rest of them were previously reported by the researchers in experimental study in case of obesity cell line 3T3-L1 adipocyte. In few recent studies, it was reported that F2 has protective effects on malignant brain tumors as well as anti-cancer activity in breast cancer. Therefore, we felt it was important to focus on F2 when considering obesity. Our study focused on this ginsenoside and analyzed its impact on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Following the molecular interaction studies, further experimental studies were carried out and demonstrated that ginsenoside F2 when treated with different doses reduces the level of lipid accumulated by the 3T3-L1 cell line during adipogenesis. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR results showed reduction in PPARg and perilipin gene expression levels compared to that of differentiated adipocytes without any treatment. So considering the binding with a major adipocyte transcription factor and the performed experiments, we suggest that ginsenoside F2 may reduce obesity via the inhibition of adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 cell line.

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Marked Production of Ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and Compound K by Enzymatic Method

Cited by 75 publications

References 12 publications

Dammarane-Type Glycosides from the Steamed Flower-Buds of Panax ginseng

Dammarane-Type Glycosides from the Steamed Flower-Buds of Panax ginseng

Identification and Characterization of the Rhizobium sp. Strain GIN611 Glycoside Oxidoreductase Resulting in the Deglycosylation of Ginsenosides

Ginsenoside F2 possesses anti-obesity activity via binding with PPARγ and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation in the 3T3-L1 cell line

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