Marine Spongin: Naturally Prefabricated 3D Scaffold-Based Biomaterial

Abstract

The biosynthesis, chemistry, structural features and functionality of spongin as a halogenated scleroprotein of keratosan demosponges are still paradigms. This review has the principal goal of providing thorough and comprehensive coverage of spongin as a naturally prefabricated 3D biomaterial with multifaceted applications. The history of spongin’s discovery and use in the form of commercial sponges, including their marine farming strategies, have been analyzed and are discussed here. Physicochemical and material properties of spongin-based scaffolds are also presented. The review also focuses on prospects and trends in applications of spongin for technology, materials science and biomedicine. Special attention is paid to applications in tissue engineering, adsorption of dyes and extreme biomimetics.

Electrochemical method for isolation of chitinous 3D scaffolds from cultivated Aplysina aerophoba marine demosponge and its biomimetic application

“…In recent decades, the synthesis and application of 3D biopolymer-based scaffolds represent one of the new trends in environmental science and technology. Owing to their ability to mimic the patterns of natural structures, excellent biocompatibility, high biodegradability and non-toxicity 3D scaffolds of natural origin find increasing applications in medicine, biotechnology and various interdisciplinary fields including tissue engineering, biomimetics, biocatalysis, adsorption techniques and wastewater treatment [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Highly versatile and promising biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin, collagen and their derivatives are more and more frequently used in modern technology [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

3D Chitin Scaffolds from the Marine Demosponge Aplysina archeri as a Support for Laccase Immobilization and Its Use in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals

“…These unique biopolymer-containing constructs offer alternative immobilization matrices that can be isolated from demosponges cultivated worldwide, to provide appropriate supports for a broad range of enzymes. Thus, demosponges of the order Dictioceratida (also known as commercial bath sponges) [7,8] represent a renewable source of proteinaceous spongin scaffolds which have recently been reported as effective in applications in extreme biomimetics [9][10][11][12], waste treatment [13][14][15][16][17], electrochemistry [18], and enzyme immobilization [19]. Meanwhile, marine demosponges of the order Verongiida have been recognized as a renewable source of uniquely pre-structured 3D chitinous scaffolds [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] which have found applications in tissue engineering [6,21,[29][30][31][32][33][34], drug release [35], the development of hybrid materials [36][37][38][39][40], and environmental science [41,42].…”

Naturally Prefabricated Marine Biomaterials: Isolation and Applications of Flat Chitinous 3D Scaffolds from Ianthella labyrinthus (Demospongiae: Verongiida)

“…During the last 50 years, marine sponges belonging to the class Demospongiae (Porifera) have been recognized as a high potential source of bioactive secondary metabolites (for review, see [1,2]), as well as biological materials of proteinaceous [3] and polysaccharide [4][5][6][7][8] origin. Broad diversity of secondary metabolites, mostly alkaloids and peptides, have been studied as potential antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer agents [9,10].…”

“…Broad diversity of secondary metabolites, mostly alkaloids and peptides, have been studied as potential antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer agents [9,10]. Biological materials such as structural collagenous proteinaceous spongin and aminopolysaccharide chitin have found applications in technology [3,11,12], extreme biomimetics [13][14][15][16][17][18], electrochemistry [19], and tissue engineering [20][21][22][23][24]. Thus, demosponges continue to be productive organisms for investigations of both marine pharmacology and biologically inspired materials science.…”