Marine protected areas export larvae of infauna, but not of bioengineering mussels to adjacent areas

Cole, Victoria J.; McQuaid, Christopher D.; Nakin, M. D. V.

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.030

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Reserves may restore and protect marine resources within their boundaries, particularly the reproductive component, and act as sources of larvae that could eventually settle outside of the reserve (Rakitin & Kramer 1996, Pelc et al 2009). Although models suggest that this is achievable, the proportional increase in recruitment outside reserves can be difficult to detect in the field (Pelc et al 2010, Cole et al 2011 and there is debate about whether marine reserves can benefit fisheries, as well as acting as a conservation tool (Stobutzki 2001, Gaylord et al 2005, Sale et al 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific effects of marine reserves: mortality and growth differ within and among heavily exploited and rarely exploited limpets

Nakin

Booth²,

McQuaid³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The effects of marine reserves on the growth and mortality rates of 2 commonly exploited (Helcion concolor and Scutellastra longicosta) and 2 rarely exploited (Cellana capensis and Scutellastra granularis) limpets were investigated at 2 reserve and 2 non-reserve sites in South Africa. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) growth of commonly exploited species would be reduced in reserves due to higher densities and stronger intraspecific competition, with no effect for rarely exploited species; (2) commonly exploited species would show higher mortality rates outside than inside reserves, with no effect for rarely exploited species. Both the exploited H. concolor and C. capensis (sometimes mistaken for H. concolor by harvesters) exhibited faster growth at non-reserve sites where their densities were generally lower. No effect of reserve status was detected for the growth rates of S. granularis (rarely exploited) or S. longicosta (commonly exploited). S. longicosta showed no reserve effect on growth because it is territorial, and density has no effect on territory size. Reserve effects were only observed for the survival probability of S. longicosta, the most commonly exploited species, and the probability of capture (but not survival) of the 2 rarely exploited species. The results indicate that the effects of reserves on growth and mortality are species-specific and are difficult to generalize even within the categories of commonly and rarely exploited limpets.KEY WORDS: Helcion concolor · Cellana capensis · Scutellastra longicosta · Scutellastra granularis · Growth rate · Mortality rate Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific effects of marine reserves: mortality and growth differ within and among heavily exploited and rarely exploited limpets

Nakin

Booth²,

McQuaid³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a widely used tool for the protection of harvested species, and the consensus is that such reserves have rapid and long-lasting positive effects (Roberts et al 2001;Halpern 2003;Russ and Alcala 2010), although recovery of benthic commu nities after the establishment of reserves may be seriously delayed by indirect effects (Parravicini et al 2010). There is reason to expect, however, that the effectiveness of reserves will differ among taxa (Cole et al 2011). For example, life-history characteristics influence vulnerability to exploitation (Lasiak 1991b;Siegfried et al 1994), and different taxa are exploited to varying degrees.…”

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confidence: 99%

Marine reserve effects on population density and size structure of commonly and rarely exploited limpets in South Africa

Nakin

McQuaid

2014

African Journal of Marine Science

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Marine reserves are commonly used to conserve living resources, but their effectiveness where policing is difficult is unclear. We compared monthly population density and size structure data collected over 20 months for two rarely and two commonly exploited intertidal limpets inside and outside reserves in South Africa. Densities were greater inside reserves, but significantly so in very few months. Unexpectedly, no significant reserve effect was detected for the territorial Scutellastra longicosta, shown by surveys to be favoured by harvesters. Reserve effects for the rarely exploited S. granularis probably result from indirect effects of higher barnacle cover in reserves where trampling is reduced, while interviews indicated that Cellana capensis is not targeted but large individuals are sometimes misidentified and hence are harvested outside the reserve. There were few reserve effects on mean or mean maximum size. The results indicate a gradient of exploitation among species and sites. One non-reserve site was more heavily exploited than the other, while one reserve experienced more poaching than the other. The effectiveness of marine reserves thus differed between reserves and among species. Exploited limpets were generally larger and at higher densities in reserves, but these effects were rarely statistically significant, indicating that reserve effects are weak compared to natural variability, probably reflecting ineffective policing.

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“…Edgar et al 2014). In South Africa, some studies of fishes or intertidal invertebrates have shown increased abundance of target species close to the boundaries of MPAs compared with areas further way, demonstrating benefits for fishers or harvesters (King 2005;Pelc et al 2009;Cole et al 2011). A definitive study by Kerwath et al (2013) provided evidence of a rapid increase in the catch rates of Chrysoblephus laticeps in the vicinity of the Goukamma MPA (which is closed to boat-angling) following its proclamation.…”

Section: Ecological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While intertidal species that are targeted for harvesting provide for relatively straightforward comparisons between harvested and unharvested sites, the findings of such studies have not always been so straightforward in South Africa, with the reserve's effects being weak or inconclusive in some cases, possibly related to ineffective compliance (e.g. Cole et al 2011;Nakin et al 2014Nakin et al , 2016. It has also proved difficult to generalise about reserve effects on the growth and mortality of different limpet species, as the responses appeared to be site-specific (Lasiak 2006) or species-specific (Nakin et al 2012), with species that are not harvested regularly showing no clear benefits of MPAs (Lasiak 1993;Baliwe 2021).…”

Section: Ecological Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the evidence for ecological effectiveness of South Africa’s marine protected areas

Kirkman

Mann

Sink

et al. 2021

African Journal of Marine Science

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The biodiversity and ecological integrity of many marine ecosystems are being threatened (Worm et al. 2006;O'Hara et al. 2019). For this reason, many marine habitats, species and ecosystem functions have been granted protection from human pressures in marine protected areas (MPAs), a tool that is increasingly favoured as a response to declines in marine biodiversity (Beaugrand et al. 2015;McCauley et al. 2015). The Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD's) definition of a marine and coastal protected area is "any confined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying waters and associated flora, fauna, and historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings" (CBD 2004, p 2). Many

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Marine protected areas export larvae of infauna, but not of bioengineering mussels to adjacent areas

Cited by 17 publications

References 66 publications

Species-specific effects of marine reserves: mortality and growth differ within and among heavily exploited and rarely exploited limpets

Species-specific effects of marine reserves: mortality and growth differ within and among heavily exploited and rarely exploited limpets

Marine reserve effects on population density and size structure of commonly and rarely exploited limpets in South Africa

Evaluating the evidence for ecological effectiveness of South Africa’s marine protected areas

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