Marine primary production in the Canadian Arctic, 1956, 1961–1963

Apollonio, Spencer; Matrai, Patricia A.

doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0928-3

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…), this initial phytoplankton growth appeared to be associated with rapid sinking of cells, inferred from the long decreasing tail of chl a down to depths >100 m. Similar observations have been made for under-ice phytoplankton blooms in this region (Apollonio & Matrai 2011). A slight leveling in the chl a accumulation rate at the end of this stage coincided with a light snow precipitation event that occurred over 10 to 11 June, which caused incident and transmitted PAR to decrease slightly, decreasing the euphotic zone depth.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…From a historical dataset collected during 1956to 1963, Apollonio & Matrai (2011 concluded that phytoplankton in the Canadian Arctic rapidly developed under intact melting sea ice, but about 2 to 3 wk later than observed in our study. Indeed, Michel et al (2006) reported the region's phytoplankton bloom to peak late July-early August in a 10 yr dataset spanning 1983 to 1993.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

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Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada

Mundy

Gosselin²,

Gratton³

et al. 2014

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

102

115

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It has been common practice in scientific studies to assume negligible phytoplankton production when the ocean is ice-covered, due to the strong light attenuation properties of snow, sea ice, and ice algae. Recent observations of massive under-ice blooms in the Arctic challenge this concept and call for a re-evaluation of light conditions prevailing under ice during the melt period. Using hydrographic data collected under landfast ice cover in Resolute Passage, Nunavut, Canada between 9 May and 21 June 2010, we documented the exponential growth phase of a substantial under-ice phytoplankton bloom. Numerous factors appeared to influence bloom initiation: (1) transmitted light increased with the onset of snowmelt and termination of the ice algal bloom; (2) initial phytoplankton growth resulted in the accumulation of biomass below the developing surface melt layer where nutrient concentrations were high and turbulent mixing was relatively low; and (3) melt pond formation rapidly increased light transmission, while spring-tidal energy helped form a surface mixed layer influenced by ice melt -both were believed to influence the final rapid increase in phytoplankton growth. By the end of the study, nitrate+nitrite was depleted in the upper 10 m of the water column and the under-ice bloom had accumulated 508 mg chl a m −2 with a new production estimate of 17.5 g C m −2 over the upper 50 m of the water column. The timing of bloom initiation with melt onset suggests a strong link to climate change where sea ice is both thinning and melting earlier, the implication being an earlier and more ubiquitous phytoplankton bloom in Arctic ice-covered regions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada

Mundy

Gosselin²,

Gratton³

et al. 2014

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

102

115

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“…These high numbers may reflect reproduction or attraction into the euphotic zone of maximum primary production in July (Apollonio and Matrai, 2011). The relative numbers of ostracods and larvacea reflect the observations of Longhurst et al (1984) that the former remain deep but the latter are found in nearsurface waters.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…This work was part of a larger project concerned with physical and chemical oceanography through much of the year (Apollonio and Townsend, 2011), the first such study in the archipelago. That project also examined the effects of glaciers on Arctic waters (Apollonio, 1973) and nutrient chemistry, chlorophyll, and primary production in summer months (Apollonio and Matrai, 2011). The intent was to estimate primary production and to characterize zooplankton ecology within the context of physical and chemical oceanographic parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Patterns of Arctic and Subarctic Zooplankton Community Composition in Jones Sound, Canadian Arctic Archipelago (1961–62, 1963)

Apollonio¹

2013

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. An analysis of overwinter (1961 -62) and early summer (1963) collections of zooplankton in Jones Sound, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, found 31 life forms and species, of which 11 species of copepods were dominant. The collections are the earliest on record from the archipelago. These 50-year-old data form a historical base that may assist in analyzing impacts of changing patterns of sea ice distributions. Water-mass-diagnostic copepod species in this study varied with the seasons; those with boreal Atlantic-Subarctic water affinities were present in the winter, but absent or few in number in the summer. Those with Arctic Basin water affinities were few or absent in winter but present or found in greater numbers in the summer. These variations in copepod species may be related to varying presence or proportions of boreal Atlantic water or Arctic Basin water in Jones Sound as also suggested by concurrent physical and chemical oceanographic data. The copepod species found in Jones Sound are also present or dominant in comparable Arctic waters from East Greenland to the Beaufort Sea and in the Arctic Basin, as reported elsewhere, and all reports differ significantly in the relative numbers of the species present from season to season or year to year. Such differences within Jones Sound are documented between the data reported here and those from the summer of 1980 reported elsewhere. It is suggested that these variations also reflect the differing presence or proportions of boreal Atlantic and Arctic Basin water. The conclusion is that Jones Sound and other High Arctic waters are subject to the presence or absence of Arctic Basin waters and boreal Atlantic waters and that the composition of the copepod communities is indicative of those changes.Key words: Arctic zooplankton, Arctic and Subarctic waters, copepods, water masses RÉSUMÉ. L'analyse d'ensembles de zooplancton prélevés au cours d 'un hiver (1961-1962) et au début d'un été (1963) dans le détroit de Jones, archipel arctique canadien, a permis de repérer 31 espèces et formes de vie, dominées par 11 espèces de copépodes. Ces ensembles sont les plus anciens ensembles à avoir été répertoriés au sein de l'archipel. Ces données prélevées il y a 50 ans forment un fondement historique susceptible d'aider à analyser les incidences des tendances changeantes de la répartition des glaces de mer. Les espèces de copépodes relevées en fonction du diagnostic de la masse d'eau dans le cadre de cette étude variaient d'une saison à l'autre. Les copépodes ayant des affinités avec l'eau boréale subarctique atlantique étaient présents en hiver, mais absents ou en quantité restreinte en été, tandis que ceux ayant des affinités avec l'eau du bassin arctique étaient absents ou en quantité restreinte l'hiver, mais présents ou en plus grand nombre l'été. Ces variations sur le plan des espèces de copépodes pourraient être attribuables à la présence ou aux proportions variées d'eau atlantique boréale ou d'eau du bassin arctique dans le détroit de Jones, telles que le suggèren...

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“…The Atlantic Arctic is rather poor in nutrients, receiving northwardflowing surface waters, already exhausted in nutrients, especially silicic acid, while the Pacific Arctic receives much more nutrients, from the influence of nutrient-rich deep Pacific waters [Sakshaug, 2004]. High interannual variability in nutrient inventories and biological processes on the Arctic shelves, influenced by variable Pacific inflow, suggests a control of primary production on those shelves by nutrient availability Apollonio and Matrai, 2011]. Nitrogen seems to be the primary liming nutrient in the Arctic Ocean and its peripheral seas [see Tremblay and Gagnon, 2009;and references therein].…”

Section: Macro-nutrients In Sea Ice and In The Water Columnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Vancoppenolle

Meiners

Michel

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

215

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International audienceObservations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the sea ice; (ii) fluid and gas exchanges at the sea ice interface through an often permeable sea ice cover; and (iii) tight physical, biological and chemical interactions between the sea ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. Photosynthetic micro-organisms in sea ice thrive in liquid brine inclusions encased in a pure ice matrix, where they find suitable light and nutrient levels. They extend the production season, provide a winter and early spring food source, and contribute to organic carbon export to depth. Under-ice and ice edge phytoplankton blooms occur when ice retreats, favoured by increasing light, stratification, and by the release of material into the water column. In particular, the release of iron - highly concentrated in sea ice - could have large effects in the iron-limited Southern Ocean. The export of inorganic carbon transport by brine sinking below the mixed layer, calcium carbonate precipitation in sea ice, as well as active ice-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, could play a central role in the marine carbon cycle. Sea ice processes could also significantly contribute to the sulphur cycle through the large production by ice algae of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of sulphate aerosols, which as cloud condensation nuclei have a potential cooling effect on the planet. Finally, the sea ice zone supports significant ocean-atmosphere methane (CH₄) fluxes, while saline ice surfaces activate springtime atmospheric bromine chemistry, setting ground for tropospheric ozone depletion events observed near both poles. All these mechanisms are generally known, but neither precisely understood nor quantified at large scales. As polar regions are rapidly changing, understanding the large-scale polar marine biogeochemical processes and their future evolution is of high priority. Earth system models should in this context prove essential, but they currently represent sea ice as biologically and chemically inert. Palaeoclimatic proxies are also relevant, in particular the sea ice proxies, inferring past sea ice conditions from glacial and marine sediment core records and providing analogues for future changes. Being highly constrained by marine biogeochemistry, sea ice proxies would not only contribute to but also benefit from a better understanding of polar marine biogeochemical cycles

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Marine primary production in the Canadian Arctic, 1956, 1961–1963

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada

Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada

Temporal Patterns of Arctic and Subarctic Zooplankton Community Composition in Jones Sound, Canadian Arctic Archipelago (1961–62, 1963)

Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

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