Marine omega‐3 (n‐3) phospholipids: A comprehensive review of their properties, sources, bioavailability, and relation to brain health

Abstract

For several decades, there has been considerable interest in marine‐derived long chain n‐3 fatty acids (n‐3 LCPUFAs) due to their outstanding health benefits. n‐3 LCPUFAs can be found in nature either in triglycerides (TAGs) or in phospholipid (PL) form. From brain health point of view, PL n‐3 is more bioavailable and potent compared to n‐3 in TAG form, as only PL n‐3 is able to cross the blood–brain barrier and can be involved in brain biochemical reactions. However, PL n‐3 has been ignored in the fish oil industry and frequently removed as an impurity during degumming processes. As a result, PL products derived from marine sources are very limited compared to TAG products. Commercially, PLs are being used in pharmaceutical industries as drug carriers, in food manufacturing as emulsifiers and in cosmetic industries as skin care agents, but most of the PLs used in these applications are produced from vegetable sources that contain less (without EPA, DPA, and DHA) or sometimes no n‐3 LCPUFAs. This review provides a comprehensive account of the properties, structures, and major sources of marine PLs, and provides focussed discussion of their relationship to brain health. Epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical studies on n‐3 LCPUFAs enriched PLs using different model systems in relation to brain and mental health that have been published over the past few years are discussed in detail.

Microalgae: The Multifaceted Biomass of the 21st Century

“…Algae-derived bioactive substrates are employed for drug screening, given their tremendous structural diversity and biological availability. Microalgae biomass has a wide range of physiological and biochemical characteristics and contains 50-70% protein compared to 50% in meat, and 15-17% in wheat, with 30% lipids, more than 40% glycerol, 8-14% carotene, and a reasonably high levels of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, E, K, D, and others [54][55][56].…”

Development Prospect and Preparation Technology of Edible Oil From Microalgae

“…PUFAs are divided into different classes inclusive of ω-3 PUFAs and ω-6 PUFAs, which are, respectively, synthesized from linoleic acid and linolenic acid, and are essential for human health (Lorgeril and Salen, 2012;Jang and Park, 2019). The ω-3 PUFAs have received extensive attention owing to their physiological effects such as antioxidant activity, immune regulation, inflammation reduction, and prevention of neurological and cardiovascular diseases, especially the two most important α-linolenic acid derivatives, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22: 6ω-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20: 5ω-3) (Wu et al, 2015;Elagizi et al, 2018;Luo et al, 2018;Ferguson et al, 2019;Heshmati et al, 2019;Oikonomou et al, 2019;Ahmmed et al, 2020). It has been proved in animal experiments that intaking of diets rich in DHA and EPA in appropriate forms will enhance cognitive ability (Wen et al, 2016;Zhou et al, 2018), regulate metabolism (Asztalos et al, 2016;Bargut et al, 2017;Hussein et al, 2019) and have antiinflammatory effects (Sierra et al, 2008;Calder, 2015;Alfaddagh et al, 2018).…”

Differences in oxidative susceptibilities between glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine in dried scallop (Argopecten irradians) adductor muscle during storage: an oxidation kinetic assessment

“…Recently, PL carrying marine n ‐3 LC‐PUFAs has attracted more attention than EE and TAG as a result of its outstanding health benefits, 1,2 including superior bioavailability, 3,4 higher tissue‐delivery capacity 2,5 and better oxidation resistant 6 . However, n ‐3 LC‐PUFAs in different PL forms have different nutritional values 1 . For example, n ‐3 LC‐PUFAs carried by glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is able to promote brain development, 7 improve memory and cognition, 8 inhibit cancer 9 and regulate lipid metabolism, 10 whereas n ‐3 LC‐PUFAs carried by glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) have a positive effect on memory and cognitive function 11 .…”