Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance

Calder, Philip C.

doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010

Cited by 1,187 publications

(1,097 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…Though, it gives some indication that systemic plasma cytokine levels are not sensitive enough to reflect the tissue-specific immunological response to supplementation with n − 3 fatty acids [47]. Moreover, as previously suggested [11], very high dose of n−3 fatty acids might be necessary to achieve detectable systemic anti-inflammatory response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The beneficial effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on chronic inflammatory disorders are well recognized [11]. Moreover, studies have revealed that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesive molecules [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, studies have revealed that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesive molecules [11][12][13]. Interestingly, research on patients with SCD invariably found a high n−6/n−3 ratio in blood cells and plasma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Omega 3 (n−3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease

Daak

Elderdery

Elbashir

et al. 2015

Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases

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Chronic inflammation and reduced blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids (n−3) are known characteristics of sickle cell disease (SCD).The anti-inflammatory properties of n−3 fatty acids are well recognized. Omega-3 treated (n = 24), hydroxyurea (HU) treated (n = 18), and n−3 untreated (n = 21) homozygous SCD patients (HbSS) and healthy (HbAA) controls (n = 25) matched for age (5-16 years), gender and socioeconomic status were studied. According to age (5-10) or (11-16) years, two or three capsules containing 277.8 mg docosahexaenoic (DHA) and 39.0 mg eicosapentaenoic (EPA) or high oleic acid placebo (41%) were assigned to n − 3 treated and n − 3 untreated groups, respectively. Hydroxyurea treated group was on dosage more than 20 mg/kg/day. The effect of supplementation on systemic and blood cell markers of inflammation was investigated. The n− 3 treated group had higher levels of DHA and EPA (p b 0.001) and lower white blood cell count and monocyte integrin (p b 0.05) compared with the n−3 untreated. No difference was detected between the two groups regarding C-reactive protein, granulocytes integrin and selectin, plasma tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10. The n−3 treated group had lowered nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene expression compared to n−3 untreated and HU treated groups (p b 0.05). This study provides evidence that supplementation with n− 3 fatty acids may ameliorate inflammation and blood cell adhesion in patients with SCD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Omega 3 (n−3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease

Daak

Elderdery

Elbashir

et al. 2015

Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, interpretation is complicated because COX enzymes can also metabolize docosahexaenoic acid/ eicosapentaenoic acid to the anti-inflammatory resolvins [216]. In this regard, it has been suggested that low-dose aspirin, in combination with fish oil, is strongly antiinflammatory because it can allosterically activate COX2, and in the presence of docosahexaenoic acid be protective in AD [217].…”

Section: Cbd Enzyme Targets In Neurodegenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Targets of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders

Bih

Chen

Nunn³

et al. 2015

Neurotherapeutics

416

298

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Cannabis has a long history of anecdotal medicinal use and limited licensed medicinal use. Until recently, alleged clinical effects from anecdotal reports and the use of licensed cannabinoid medicines are most likely mediated by tetrahydrocannabinol by virtue of: 1) this cannabinoid being present in the most significant quantities in these preparations; and b) the proportion:potency relationship between tetrahydrocannabinol and other plant cannabinoids derived from cannabis. However, there has recently been considerable interest in the therapeutic potential for the plant cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), in neurological disorders but the current evidence suggests that CBD does not directly interact with the endocannabinoid system except in vitro at supraphysiological concentrations. Thus, as further evidence for CBD's beneficial effects in neurological disease emerges, there remains an urgent need to establish the molecular targets through which it exerts its therapeutic effects. Here, we conducted a systematic search of the extant literature for original articles describing the molecular pharmacology of CBD. We critically appraised the results for the validity of the molecular targets proposed. Thereafter, we considered whether the molecular targets of CBD identified hold therapeutic potential in relevant neurological diseases. The molecular targets identified include numerous classical ion channels, receptors, transporters, and enzymes. Some CBD effects at these targets in in vitro assays only manifest at high concentrations, which may be difficult to achieve in vivo, particularly given CBD's relatively poor bioavailability. Moreover, several targets were asserted through experimental designs that demonstrate only correlation with a given target rather than a causal proof. When the molecular targets of CBD that were physiologically plausible were considered for their potential for exploitation in neurological therapeutics, the results were variable. In some cases, the targets identified had little or no established link to the diseases considered. In others, molecular targets of CBD were entirely consistent with those already actively exploited in relevant, clinically used, neurological treatments. Finally, CBD was found to act upon a number of targets that are linked to neurological therapeutics but that its actions were not consistent withmodulation of such targets that would derive a therapeutically beneficial outcome. Overall, we find that while >65 discrete molecular targets have been reported in the literature for CBD, a relatively limited number represent plausible targets for the drug's action in neurological disorders when judged by the criteria we set. We conclude that CBD is very unlikely to exert effects in neurological diseases through modulation of the endocannabinoid system. Moreover, a number of other molecular targets of CBD reported in the literature are unlikely to be of relevance owing to effects only being observed at supraphysiological concentrations. Of interest and after excludin...

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“…[11][12][13] Omega-6 PUFAs are generally regarded as precursors of pro-inflammatory metabolites, which signal for the start of inflammation, and n-3 PUFAs as precursors for metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties, which on the other hand facilitate the termination of inflammation. 14,15 Both these functions are vital for human health, 4 and thus balancing the intake of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs is essential. 4,14 Furthermore, evidence that dietary SFAs also switch on proinflammatory mechanisms is accumulating.…”

Section: Perspectives On the Use Of Seed Oils In The South African Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the use of seed oils in the South African diet

Smuts

Malan

2016

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance

Cited by 1,187 publications

References 208 publications

Omega 3 (n−3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease

Omega 3 (n−3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease

Molecular Targets of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders

Perspectives on the use of seed oils in the South African diet

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