Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue and breast cancer risk: a case–cohort study from Denmark

Witt, Petra Mariann; Christensen, Jeppe H.; Schmidt, Erik Berg; Dethlefsen, Claus; Tjønneland, Anne; Overvad, Kim; Ewertz, Marianne

doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9423-y

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The results obtained by administering DHA to the cells were confirmed in mice fed with fish oil [116]. In several epidemiological studies, it has been shown that a deficiency in omega-3 FAs increases the probability to develop metastases, while a diet rich in omega-3 FAs can reduce their size [117][118][119]. According to these results, women affected by metastatic breast cancer supplemented with 1.8 g of DHA during chemotherapy with antracyclins could increase their survival by 8 months.…”

Section: Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 72%

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials

Nabavi

Bilotto

Russo

et al. 2015

Cancer Metastasis Rev

139

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Over the past decades, extensive studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) against different human diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, etc. A growing body of scientific research shows the pharmacokinetic information and safety of these natural occurring substances. Moreover, during recent years, a plethora of studies has demonstrated that omega-3 FAs possess therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that omega-3 FAs can improve efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports showed that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of antineoplastic effect of omega-3 FAs. In this review, we have collected the available clinical data on the therapeutic role of omega-3 FAs against breast cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, as well as cancer cachexia. We also discussed the chemistry, dietary source, and bioavailability of omega-3 FAs, and the potential molecular mechanisms of anticancer and adverse effects.

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Section: Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 72%

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials

Nabavi

Bilotto

Russo

et al. 2015

Cancer Metastasis Rev

139

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“…Although adjustments in analysis attempt to isolate an independent effect, subtle differences or unmeasured variables cannot be completely examined in an observational study of this type. Laboratory and animal data have identified numerous mechanisms as to how marine fatty acids may inhibit carcinogenesis, including antiinflammatory, proapoptotic, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic effects; downregulation of estrogen synthesis; and modulation of insulin sensitivity (1,(30)(31)(32). EPA and DHA are thought to reduce inflammation through the inhibition of NF-kB (33), which acts as a transcription factor for targets associated with inflammation, including IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Breast Cancer Prognosis,

Patterson¹,

Flatt²,

Newman³

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutrition

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EPA and DHA, long-chain (n-3) PUFA largely obtained from fish, inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro and reduce the initiation and progression of breast tumors in laboratory animals. Our purpose in this analysis was to examine whether intake of these marine fatty acids (EPA and DHA) were associated with prognosis in a cohort of women who had been diagnosed and treated for early stage breast cancer (n = 3,081). Median follow-up was 7.3 y. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-h recalls (~4 recalls per dietary assessment obtained at 7 time points over 6 y). Survival models with time-dependent covariates were used to examine the association of repeated measures of dietary intake of EPA and DHA from food (i.e., marine sources) and supplements with disease-free survival and overall survival. Women with higher intakes of EPA and DHA from food had an approximate 25% reduced risk of additional breast cancer events [tertile 2: HR = 0.74 (95% CI = 0.58-0.94); tertile 3: HR = 0.72 (95% CI = 0.57-0.90)] compared with the lowest tertile of intake. Women with higher intakes of EPA and DHA from food had a dose-dependent reduced risk of all-cause mortality [tertile 2: HR = 0.75 (95% CI = 0.55-1.04); tertile 3: HR = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.43-0.82)]. EPA and DHA intake from fish oil supplements was not associated with breast cancer outcomes. The investigation indicates that marine fatty acids from food are associated with reduced risk of additional breast cancer events and all-cause mortality.

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“…Although the general perception exists that diets enriched in n-3 relative to n-6 fatty acids have a broad range of healthrelated benefits, a review of the literature reveals that the epidemiologic data in support of an inverse relationship between n-3 fatty acid consumption and breast cancer risk are mixed (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Moreover, the preclinical data on the role of n-3 fatty acids in mammary carcinogenesis is similarly mixed (inhibition, no effect, or promotion of carcinogenesis), and the quality of the experiments varies so markedly that it is difficult to compare results across studies (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammary Gland Density Predicts the Cancer Inhibitory Activity of the N-3 to N-6 Ratio of Dietary Fat

Zhu

Jiang

McGinley

et al. 2011

Cancer Prevention Research

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This study investigated the effect of a broad range of dietary ratios of n-3:n-6 fatty acids on mammary gland density and mammary cancer risk. Cancer was induced in female rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Purified diet that provided 30% of dietary kilocalories from fat was formulated to contain ratios of n-3:n-6 fatty acids from 25:1 to 1:25. Mammary gland density was determined by digital analysis, fatty acids by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection, and other plasma analytes via ELISA. Mammary gland density was reduced dose dependently at n-3:n-6 ratios from 1:1 to 25:1 (r ¼ À0.477, P ¼ 0.038), with a 20.3% decrease of mammary gland density between n-3:n-6 of 1:1 versus 25:1, P < 0.001. Mammary carcinogenesis was inhibited in the absence or presence of tamoxifen (1 mg/kg diet) in a manner predicted by mammary gland density. Plasma n-3 fatty acid concentrations failed to increase above an n-3:n-6 ratio of 5:1, and changes in specific plasma n-3 or n-6 fatty acids were not predictive of mammary gland density or cancer inhibitory activity. A strong reciprocal effect of the n-3:n-6 ratio on plasma leptin (decreased, P ¼ 0.005) and adiponectin (increased, P < 0.001) was observed indicating adipose tissue function was modulated. However, neither cytokine was predictive of mammary gland density. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) decreased with increasing dietary n-3:n-6 ratio (P ¼ 0.004) and was predictive of the changes in mammary gland density (r ¼ 0.362, P < 0.005). These findings indicate that (i) mammary gland density predicted the carcinogenic response, (ii) the n-3:n-6 ratio exerts effects in the presence or absence of hormonal regulation of carcinogenesis, and (iii) signaling pathways regulated by IGF-I are potential targets for further mechanistic investigation. Cancer Prev Res; 4(10); 1675-85. Ó2011 AACR.

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Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue and breast cancer risk: a case–cohort study from Denmark

Abstract: This study does not indicate any association between the content of total or individual marine n-3 PUFA in adipose tissue and development of BC.

Cited by 29 publications

References 38 publications

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials

Marine Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Breast Cancer Prognosis,

Mammary Gland Density Predicts the Cancer Inhibitory Activity of the N-3 to N-6 Ratio of Dietary Fat

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