Marine microplastic: Preparation of relevant test materials for laboratory assessment of ecosystem impacts

Kühn, Susanne; Oyen, A. van; Booth, Andy M.; Meijboom, A.; Franeker, J.A. van

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.032

Cited by 90 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A different analytical approach is the identification of MP using spectrometric methods: for instance, py-GC-MS (pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry) is a destructive thermoanalytical method successfully applied for the analysis of seawater MP and NP [58,59]. Ter Halle et al analyzed seawater plastic debris of LDPE (low density polyethylene), HDPE (high density polyethylene), PVC (polyvinylchloride), PET (polyethylenterephthalate), PS (polystyrene), and PP (polypropylene) of mesoplastics, MP and NP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Micro and Nanoplastics: An Enormous Microscopic Problem

Bianco

Passananti

2020

Sustainability

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Atmospheric plastic pollution is now a global problem. Microplastics (MP) have been detected in urban atmospheres as well as in remote and pristine environments, showing that suspension, deposition and aeolian transport of MP should be included and considered as a major transport pathway in the plastic life cycle. This work reports an up to date review of the experimental estimation of deposition rate of MP in rural and urban environment, also analyzing the correlation with meteorological factors. Due to the limitations in sampling and instrumental methodology, little is known about MP and nanoplastics (NP) with sizes lower than 50 µm. In this review, we describe how NP could be transported for longer distances than MP, making them globally present and potentially more concentrated than MP. We highlight that it is crucial to explore new methodologies to collect and analyze NP. Future research should focus on the development of new technologies, combining the existent knowledge on nanomaterial and atmospheric particle analysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Micro and Nanoplastics: An Enormous Microscopic Problem

Bianco

Passananti

2020

Sustainability

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“…Plastic debris was collected and carefully characterized in terms of polymer type, shape, and size and milled into a microplastic mixture (Kühn et al, 2018). A comparable sample was prepared using beached polystyrene foam only.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A marine litter-derived microplastic reference material (PTX001) was used. The collection and production of the material have been described in detail in Kühn et al (2018). Briefly, 351 macroplastic litter items were collected from a Dutch beach (Texel, April to August 2016), equaling the mass composition of plastics during an earlier large beach clean-up.…”

Section: Plastic Source Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of Additive Chemicals From Marine Plastic Debris to the Stomach Oil of Northern Fulmars

Kühn¹,

Booth²,

Sørensen³

et al. 2020

Front. Environ. Sci.

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For this study, the transfer of plastic additives to stomach oil of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) has been investigated. Procellariiform seabirds retain oily components of their prey in theirs stomach as a means to store energy. A marine litterderived microplastic reference mixture and separately a marine litter-derived polystyrene sample were added to stomach oils in an experiment. A total of 15 additives, including plasticizers, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, flame retardants, and preservatives, were identified in the original plastic mixtures and monitored in the leachates. These substances include those known for endocrine disruptive, carcinogenic, and/or other negative effects on organisms. Stomach oil was exposed to these plastic materials and was sampled during a long-term experiment (0, 14, and 90 days' exposure of plastic particles in stomach oil) and a subsequent short-term detailed study (8 h and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 21 days). Five of the monitored substances were shown to strongly leach from the microplastic reference mixture into the stomach oil during the experiment. Four substances were identified in a marine litter-derived polystyrene foam, of which two leached into stomach oil. Leaching of harmful plastic additives to the stomach oil of fulmars may be of concern, as fulmars regularly ingest plastics that are retained and gradually ground in the gizzard before passage to the intestines and excretion.

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“…A major challenge in MP production from both milling and sonication is control over particle size distribution. For the (cryo)milling, the size distribution seems to depend on the temperature, loading, and type of polymer (Eitzen et al, 2018;Kuhn et al, 2018). The major factors of influence on MP formation through sonication will be reviewed in detail in the following sections.…”

Section: Size Distribution Comparison To Environmental Mp Particles Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple Generation of Suspensible Secondary Microplastic Reference Particles via Ultrasound Treatment

et al. 2020

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In the environment the weathering of plastic debris is one of the main sources of secondary microplastic (MP). It is distinct from primary MP, as it is not intentionally engineered, and presents a highly heterogeneous analyte composed of plastic fragments in the size range of 1 µm−1 mm. To detect secondary MP, methods must be developed with appropriate reference materials. These should share the characteristics of environmental MP which are a broad size range, multitude of shapes (fragments, spheres, films, fibers), suspensibility in water, and modified particle surfaces through aging (additional OH, C=O, and COOH). To produce such a material, we bring forward a rapid sonication-based fragmentation method for polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polylactic acid (PLA), which yields up to 10 5 /15 mL dispersible, high purity MP particles in aqueous media. To satisfy the claim of a reference material, the key properties-composition and size distribution to ensure the homogeneity of the samples, as well as shape, suspensibility, and aging -were analyzed in replicates (N = 3) to ensure a robust production procedure. The procedure yields fragments in the range of 100 nm−1 mm (<20 µm, 54.5 ± 11.3% of all particles). Fragments in the size range 10 µm−1 mm were quantitatively characterized via Raman microspectroscopy (particles = 500-1,000) and reflectance micro Fourier transform infrared analysis (particles = 10). Smaller particles 100 nm−20 µm were qualitatively characterized by scanning electron microcopy (SEM). The optical microscopy and SEM analysis showed that fragments are the predominant shape for all polymers, but fibers are also present. Furthermore, the suspensibility and sedimentation in pure MilliQ water was investigated using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and revealed that the produced fragments sediment according to their density and that the attachment to glass is avoided. Finally, a comparison of the infrared spectra from the fragments produced through sonication and naturally aged MP shows the addition of polar groups to the surface of the particles in the OH, C=O, and COOH region, making these particles suitable reference materials for secondary MP.

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Marine microplastic: Preparation of relevant test materials for laboratory assessment of ecosystem impacts

Cited by 90 publications

References 43 publications

Atmospheric Micro and Nanoplastics: An Enormous Microscopic Problem

Atmospheric Micro and Nanoplastics: An Enormous Microscopic Problem

Transfer of Additive Chemicals From Marine Plastic Debris to the Stomach Oil of Northern Fulmars

Simple Generation of Suspensible Secondary Microplastic Reference Particles via Ultrasound Treatment

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