Marine macromolecules cross-linked hydrogel scaffolds as physiochemically and biologically favorable entities for tissue engineering applications

Abstract

Marine biopolymer composite materials provide a technological platform for launching biomedical applications. Biomaterials demand good biocompatibility without the possibility of inflammation or foreign body reactions. In this study, we prepared two biocomposite hydrogels namely; HAC (hydroxyapatite, alginate & chitosan) and HACF (hydroxyapatite, alginate, chitosan & fucoidan) followed by calcium chloride cross linking. The prepared scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Porosity measurement, swelling, biodegradation, hemolysis, RBC aggregation, plasma protein adsorption and cytotoxicity studies were also done. The hydrogel scaffold HACF possessed a well-defined porous architecture, sufficient water holding capacity, better hemocompatibility and biodegradability. The biocompatibility was confirmed through in vitro cytotoxicity studies such as MTT assay, Neutral red uptake, DAPI staining, Trypan blue dye exclusion test and direct contact assay in L929 mouse fibroblast cells. In addition, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of both of these scaffolds were revealed by the mRNA expressions of major inflammatory marker genes in cytotoxic condition such as TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB. The physiochemical characterization and biological responses of HACF hydrogel signifies its suitability for various tissue engineering applications.

Hydrogel scaffolds based on blood plasma cryoprecipitate and collagen derived from various sources: Structural, mechanical and biological characteristics

“…It is also possible to reinforce hydrogels with frames made from synthetic microfibers [49]. The most widespread strategies are those that improve the hydrogel properties by including secondary polymers and various nanostructures into the main hydrogel to create polycomposite hydrogel scaffolds [[50], [51], [52]]. All the above considerations indicate the topicality of developing new hydrogel scaffolds based on natural polymers and of investigations into the effects of various factors (for example, the composite structure, interaction of biopolymers, conditions of co-polymerization of components etc.)…”

Sustained delivery of alendronate by engineered collagen scaffold for the repair of osteoporotic bone defects and resistance to bone loss

“…The physiochemical characterizations of collagen scaffold like pore size, porosity, water uptake and retention rates are significant factors which strongly influence the cell ingrowth and metabolite (Sumayya & Muraleedhara, 2017). These parameters were calculated to compare the characterization of Col scaffold and Col-Aln scaffold, and the results were shown in Table 1.…”

“…The biocompatibility of a collagen scaffold is associated with several parameters like pore size, porosity, water uptake, and retention ability (Sumayya & Muraleedhara, 2017). Appropriate pore size would be beneficial for the cell migration into the scaffold, and cell proliferation and differentiation.…”

Improving physical properties and retrogradation of thermoplastic starch by incorporating agar

“…They are widely used in the packaging, agricultural, healthcare and medical areas [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In the field of packaging, the most commonly used biopolymer is starch.…”

“…Agar is a heterogeneous complex mixture of the related polysaccharides having the same backbone chain structure. The main components of the chain are D-galactopyranose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose with alternating (1,4) and (1,3) linkages. Agar is lightly sulfated; the main fraction is agarose, a neutral polymer, while the agaropectin is a sulfated polymer.…”