Marine Invertebrate Genome Sequences and Our Evolving Understanding of Animal Immunity

Rast, Jonathan P.; Messier-Solek, Cynthia

doi:10.2307/25470669

Cited by 58 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…On peut imaginer (par exemple) qu'une capacité à engendrer somatiquement des répertoires puisse avoir une influence négative sur l'évolution des familles multigéniques et sur celle du polymorphisme qui toutes deux créent une diversité germinale d'autant moins nécessaire que la diversification somatique est importante. Il n'y a de vraie unité dans l'évolution des systèmes immunitaires, envisagée du point de vue des métazoaires [1,7,37] …”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Les molécules de la famille du complément (C'), solubles, n'ont pas été figurées. (voir Figure 4 et [38] [6] à des centaines (oursin) [7] de récepteurs de spécificités différentes.…”

Section: Diversification Par Duplication Des Récepteurs Lrr Et Igsfunclassified

“…Ces processus sont dus, dans la lignée lymphoïde, à l'action des enzymes RAG1 (recombination activating enzyme) et RAG2 pour la recombinaison, AID (activation induced deamidase) pour la conversion et les mutations et à la TdT (terminal desoxyribonucleotidyl transferase) pour une éventuelle diversité de jonction entre les segments V, D et J. Ils permettent l'établissement de répertoires très étendus. RAG 1 et 2 présents chez les échinodermes ne semblent pas avoir été recrutés par le système immunitaire de ces organismes [7]. Un bel exemple d'analogie est celui que l'on rencontre chez les Agnathes [19] (Figure 2) où une conversion géni-que somatique, faisant intervenir AID comme chez les Gnathostomes [20,21] [9,10].…”

Section: Molécules Appartenant à La Superfamille Des Immunoglobulinesunclassified

“…De même, chez l'oursin, un locus encore mystérieux semble donner naissance à un nombre très élevé de formes différentes d'immuno-effecteurs sans que l'on comprenne encore bien le méca-nisme. Le processus de diversification revêt donc un grand nombre de formes, qui dépasse les quelques exemples traités dans le cadre de cet article (revue dans [7]). Des 10 12-14 VLR, TCR ou Ig de Vertébrés, une seule spécificité est exprimée par cellule (sauf rares exceptions) des agnathes aux Gnathostomes.…”

Section: Diversifications Somatiques Indépendantes D'un Réarrangementunclassified

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Diversification des immunorécepteurs au cours de l’évolution des métazoaires

Pasquier

2009

Med Sci (Paris)

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Section: Diversification Par Duplication Des Récepteurs Lrr Et Igsfunclassified

Section: Molécules Appartenant à La Superfamille Des Immunoglobulinesunclassified

Section: Diversifications Somatiques Indépendantes D'un Réarrangementunclassified

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Diversification des immunorécepteurs au cours de l’évolution des métazoaires

Pasquier

2009

Med Sci (Paris)

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“…For example, the family sizes of their TLRs, NLRs, scavenger receptors with cysteine-rich repeats (SRCRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are 5-20 times those of vertebrates and insects. Hence, it has been proposed that the deuterostome immune system was primitively elaborate (13). However, it remains elusive about the reasons why ancestral deuterostomes produced such great innate complexity, why the modern vertebrate immunity abandoned such innate complexity, and how the evolutionary transition between two types of immune systems was realized.…”

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The Evolution and Regulation of the Mucosal Immune Complexity in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus

Huang

Wang

Yan

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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Both amphioxus and the sea urchin encode a complex innate immune gene repertoire in their genomes, but the composition and mechanisms of their innate immune systems, as well as the fundamental differences between two systems, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we dissect the mucosal immune complexity of amphioxus into different evolutionary-functional modes and regulatory patterns by integrating information from phylogenetic inferences, genome-wide digital expression profiles, time course expression dynamics, and functional analyses. With these rich data, we reconstruct several major immune subsystems in amphioxus and analyze their regulation during mucosal infection. These include the TNF/IL-1R network, TLR and NLR networks, complement system, apoptosis network, oxidative pathways, and other effector genes (e.g., peptidoglycan recognition proteins, Gram-negative binding proteins, and chitin-binding proteins). We show that beneath the superficial similarity to that of the sea urchin, the amphioxus innate system, despite preserving critical invertebrate components, is more similar to that of the vertebrates in terms of composition, expression regulation, and functional strategies. For example, major effectors in amphioxus gut mucous tissue are the well-developed complement and oxidative-burst systems, and the signaling network in amphioxus seems to emphasize signal transduction/modulation more than initiation. In conclusion, we suggest that the innate immune systems of amphioxus and the sea urchin are strategically different, possibly representing two successful cases among many expanded immune systems that arose at the age of the Cambrian explosion. We further suggest that the vertebrate innate immune system should be derived from one of these expanded systems, most likely from the same one that was shared by amphioxus.

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Evolution of the Interferon Regulatory Factor Family

Nehyba

Hrdličková

Bose

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play central roles in immune defence and stress responses. All IRF proteins share a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‐binding domain. IRF genes first appeared in the last common metazoan ancestor. In sponges, placozoans and ctenophores the number and diversity of the IRF family are limited. In cnidarians and bilaterians, the IRF genes diversified into the IRF1 and IRF4 branches. The IRF family, especially the IRF4 genes, expanded several times in distinct groups of bilaterians to include as many as 14 family members. In nematodes and insects, IRF genes were eliminated or mutated beyond recognition. The 10 vertebrate IRF genes arose by the 2‐fold whole genome duplication in early vertebrates. Repetitive expansions, diversifications or contractions of IRF family suggest the changing selection pressure in the evolution of the metazoan defence systems. Key Concepts: The interferon regulatory factors are a family of transcription factors that function as major regulators of host defence in vertebrates. IRF genes first appeared in the last common metazoan ancestor. IRF genes are present in all five basal groups of metazoans: sponges, placozoans, comb jellies, cnidarians and bilaterians. IRF genes have two evolutionary conserved domains, the DNA‐binding domain and the IRF association domain and both are already present in ancient sponges. In cnidarians and bilaterians, the IRF genes diversified into the IRF1 and IRF4 branches. The IRF family expanded several times in distinct groups of bilaterians (molluscs, cephalochordates, tunicates and vertebrates). IRF genes were eliminated or mutated beyond recognition in nematodes and insects. The 10 members of the vertebrate IRF family originated in early vertebrates as a result of 2‐fold genome duplication. Some IRF genes were eliminated in certain vertebrate species, whereas additional IRF family members were detected in fishes. Although the function of the IRF family in vertebrates has been studied in considerable detail, very little is known about the functions of invertebrate IRF genes.

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Marine Invertebrate Genome Sequences and Our Evolving Understanding of Animal Immunity

Cited by 58 publications

References 52 publications

Diversification des immunorécepteurs au cours de l’évolution des métazoaires

Diversification des immunorécepteurs au cours de l’évolution des métazoaires

The Evolution and Regulation of the Mucosal Immune Complexity in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus

Evolution of the Interferon Regulatory Factor Family

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