Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling: some basic aspects

Wahl, Martin

doi:10.3354/meps058175

Cited by 1,033 publications

(812 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(171 reference statements)

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“…Na relação epífita-hospedeira existe uma rede complexa de benefícios e desvantagens na qual a importância relativa de efeitos positivos e negativos é determinada, em cada caso, por inúmeros fatores ambientais e espécie-específicos (Wahl 1989).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Efeito de fatores bióticos no crescimento de Hypnea musciformis(Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)

et al. 2003

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RESUMO -(Efeito de fatores bióticos no crescimento de Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta -Gigartinales). O melhor conhecimento da ação de fatores biológicos sobre o crescimento de Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacqu.) J. V. Lamour. torna-se um aspecto premente visando a otimização do manejo e a conservação dessa espécie de interesse comercial. Uma vez que as espécies de Sargassum C. Agardh são consideradas importantes substratos para a fixação de H. musciformis, durante 18 meses, foram realizadas amostragens do tipo destrutiva, em uma população natural de H. musciformis epífita sobre Sargassum spp., em três profundidades de um costão rochoso no Rio de Janeiro. Obteve-se relação positiva entre as biomassas de ambos os gêneros, além da preferência destes pelo ambiente sublitorâneo. Visto a usual presença de mesoherbívoros (Amphipoda) nos talos dessas algas, a ação da herbivoria em H. musciformis e S. cymosum var. nanum foi testada em experimento in vitro. A herbivoria foi confirmada para ambos os táxons e a maior taxa de crescimento de H. musciformis favoreceu o crescimento de S. cymosum var.nanum, diminuindo o ataque de mesoherbívoros por ser alimento disponível. Observou-se também que não houve inibição do crescimento de H. musciformis por S. cymosum var.nanum. Sendo assim, recomenda-se que a colheita de H. musciformis para fins comerciais em bancos naturais de Sargassum spp. seja manejada para não causar danos às comunidades marinhas bentônicas.Palavras-chave -Hypnea musciformis, relação epífita-hospedeiro, Sargassum spp., Amphypoda, herbivoria ABSTRACT -(Effect of biotic factors on growth of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta -Gigartinales). The better knowledge about the influence of biotic factors on the growth of Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacqu.) J. V. Lamour., a species of commercial interest, is necessary to the orientation of its management and conservation. Since the specimens of Sargassum C. Agardh are considered an important substrate for the fixation of H. musciformis, destructive sampling were done during eighteen months in natural population of H. musciformis

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Efeito de fatores bióticos no crescimento de Hypnea musciformis(Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)

et al. 2003

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“…Benthic algal or cyanobacterial mats and epiphytic communities are complex systems, differing, for example, in stratification or recycling capacity (Peterson and Tuchman, 1992;Wetzel, 1993). Biofilms are formed through a complex succession of organisms, usually starting with carbohydrates, followed by bacteria, photoautotrophs, and animals (Wahl, 1989). Microorganisms, thus bacteria and fungi, are explicitly incorporated in the original definition of allelopathy by Molisch (1937).…”

Section: Macrophytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surprisingly, low levels of algicide did not result in increased algal growth on the surface of Sinularia (Michalek-Wagner and Bowden, 2000). Considering the succession of epibionts (see above Wahl, 1989), bacteria have to colonize first before algae will attach. In this context, stressed S. flexibilis would reallocate the secondary metabolites to the primary target of epibiosis (bacteria) and still get sufficient protection against algal overgrowth.…”

Section: B Other Environmental Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelopathy of Aquatic Autotrophs

Gross¹

2003

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

536

355

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Allelopathy in aquatic environments may provide a competitive advantage to angiosperms, algae, or cyanobacteria in their interaction with other primary producers. Allelopathy can influence the competition between different photoautotrophs for resources and change the succession of species, for exarnple, in phytoplankton cornmunities. Field evidence and laboratory studies indicate that allelopathy occurs in all aquatic habitats (marine and freshwater), and that ail prirnary producing organisms (cyanobacteria, micro-and macroalgae as well as angiospenns) are capable of producing and releasing allelopathically active compounds. Although allelopathy also includes positive (stimulating) interactions, the majority of studies describe the inhibitory activity of ailelopathicaily active compounds. Different mechanisms operate depending on whether allelopathy takes place in the Open water (pelagic zone) or is Substrate associated (benthic habitats). Allelopathical interactions are especiaily common in fully aquatic species, such as submersed macrophytes or benthic algae and cyanobacteria. The prevention of shading by epiphytic and planktonic primary producers and the competition for space may be the ultimate cause for allelopathical interactions. Aquatic ailelochemicals often target multiple physiological processes. The inhibition of photosynthesis of competing primary producers seems tobe a frequent mode of action. Multiple biotic and abiotic factors determine the strength of allelopathic interactions. Bacteria associated with the donor or target organism can metabolize excreted aiielochemicals. Frequently, the impact of surplus or limiting nutrients has been shown to affect the overail production of allelochemicals and their effect on target species. Similarities and differences of ailelopathic interactions in marine and freshwater habitats as well as between the different types of producing organisms are discussed.

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“…For example, biofouling may reduce the photosynthesis and growth of marine algae (Dixon et al 1981, Drake et al 2003, affect the shell condition, growth rate and survival of bivalves (Lodeiros & Himmelman 1996, Taylor et al 1997, Kaehler & McQuaid 1999, Thieltges & Buschbaum 2007 and affect the condition and function of the appendages of crabs (Botton 1981, Cadee 1991. Many marine plants and animals have evolved behavioural, mechanical, physical and/or chemical defences to reduce these disadvantages and ecological costs (reviewed by Wahl 1989). In common with many organisms investigated for natural antifoul-ing defences, sea stars generally have surfaces that are remarkably free of fouling organisms (McKenzie & Grigolava 1996, Guenther et al 2007a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marine biofouling, which is the formation of a complex layer of organisms on submerged surfaces, can have negative ecological impacts on living surfaces (reviewed by Wahl 1989, de Nys & Steinberg 1999. For example, biofouling may reduce the photosynthesis and growth of marine algae (Dixon et al 1981, Drake et al 2003, affect the shell condition, growth rate and survival of bivalves (Lodeiros & Himmelman 1996, Taylor et al 1997, Kaehler & McQuaid 1999, Thieltges & Buschbaum 2007 and affect the condition and function of the appendages of crabs (Botton 1981, Cadee 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical antifouling defences of sea stars: effects of the natural products hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol, lathosterol and sitosterol

Guenther¹,

Wright²,

Burns³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The role of natural products in keeping the surfaces of the sea stars Linckia laevigata, Fromia indica, Cryptasterina pentagona and Archaster typicus free of fouling organisms was investigated. Conditioned seawater of these sea stars did not have any effects on the settlement of the ecologically relevant diatoms Amphora sp. and Nitzschia closterium and the bryozoan Bugula neritina. However, dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts of whole sea stars at 100, 10, 1 and 0.1 µg cm -2 had concentration-dependent effects on the settlement of these fouling species and the polychaete Hydroides elegans. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation and analysis with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the most bioactive fractions contained several fatty acids and sterols. To determine whether the compounds responsible for the observed antifouling effects were present on the surface of all 4 sea star species, surface-associated compounds were tested against Amphora sp., N. closterium, B. neritina and H. elegans. These compounds reduced the settlement of at least 2 of the 4 fouling species for each sea star species. Using surface extractions and GC-MS analysis, the most abundant surface-associated fatty acids and sterols of each sea star species were identified and quantified. Hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol, lathosterol and sitosterol were tested at surface-associated concentrations, ranging from 1000 to 1 ng cm -2 , in settlement assays. Whereas the settlement of B. neritina was not affected by any of the compounds, hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol and lathosterol significantly reduced the settlement of N. closterium at surface-associated concentrations.

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Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling: some basic aspects

Cited by 1,033 publications

References 101 publications

Efeito de fatores bióticos no crescimento de Hypnea musciformis(Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)

Efeito de fatores bióticos no crescimento de Hypnea musciformis(Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)

Allelopathy of Aquatic Autotrophs

Chemical antifouling defences of sea stars: effects of the natural products hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol, lathosterol and sitosterol

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