Marine Electromagnetic Studies of Seafloor Resources and Tectonics

Abstract

The past decade has been a period of rapid growth for marine electromagnetic (EM) methods, predominantly due to the industrial adoption and promotion of EM as a valuable tool for characterizing offshore hydrocarbon reservoirs. This growth is illustrated by a database of marine EM publications spanning from the early developments in the 1960's to the present day; while over 300 peer-reviewed papers on marine EM have been published to date, more than half of these papers have been published within the last decade. This review provides an overview of these recent developments, covering industrial and academic use of marine EM for resource exploration and tectonic investigations, ranging from acquisition technology and modeling approaches to new physical and geological insights learned from recent data sets.

Parallel goal-oriented adaptive finite element modeling for 3D electromagnetic exploration

“…The development of both the CSEM and the MT method is discussed in the review paper by [Edwards, 2005] and the recent paper by [Key, 2012a].…”

Parallel and numerical issues of the edge finite element method for 3D controlled-source electromagnetic surveys

“…CSEM techniques can be divided into two groups depending on the domain in which collected data is interpreted: time domains (TDEM) or frequency domains (FDEM). In the case of oil prospecting, marine CSEM surveys are done predominantly using FDEM [12], [16]. In marine CSEM, also referred as seabed logging [11], a deep-towed electric dipole transmitter is used to produce a low frequency EM signal (primary field) which interacts with the electrically conductive Earth and induces eddy currents that become sources of a new EM signal (secondary field).…”

“…Figure 1 978-1-4799-7639-3/15/$31.00 c 2015 IEEE depicts the marine CSEM. Marine CSEM is nowadays a well-known geophysical prospecting tool in the offshore environment and a commonplace in industry, examples of that can be found in [7], [9], [16], [21], [25]. …”

Feature Extraction of Structures in Sea Water Using Self-Organizing Maps and Electromagnetic Waves

“…In conductive media, acoustic and optical transmissions are preferred [13], however, in low frequencies, EM waves can propagate fairly far in conductive media, having enough information scattered back to the sensors. New techniques are currently being developed [10], allowing the use EM imaging to study structures and resources under seawater. These techniques can be also applied in national defence systems, as in ship signature identification, mine sweeping, and mining counter-measures.…”