Marine diversity in the biosphere reserve of the most oceanic island in the Gulf of California: San Pedro Mártir

Abstract

San Pedro Mártir island is of high biological, ecological, and fishery importance and was declared a biosphere reserve in 2002. This island is the most oceanic in the Gulf of California, and information on its rocky reefs is scarce. The present study aimed to generate the first list of conspicuous invertebrate and fish species based on in situ observations and to examine the community structure of the shallow rocky reefs of the reserve. In addition, we estimated the ecological indicators of richness, abundance, Shannon diversity, and Pielou evenness to evaluate the conservation status of the biosphere reserve. Data were collected annually from 2007 to 2017 through 2,192 underwater SCUBA transects. A total of 35 species of invertebrates and 73 species of fish were recorded. Most of the species are widely distributed along the eastern Pacific. Overall, 64% of the species found in this study are commercially important, and 11 species have been listed as protected. The abundance of commercially important invertebrate species (i.e., the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus and the spiny oyster Spondylus limbatus) is decreasing, while commercially important fish species have maintained their abundance with periods of increase. The ecological indicators and the abundance and size of the commercial species indicate that the reserve is in good condition while meeting its conservation objectives.

Biomass accrual benefits of community-based marine protected areas outweigh their operational costs

“…The next three systems (Puerto Libertad, Isla San Pedro Maŕtir 1 , and Isla San Pedro Nolasco) are located along the eastern coast of the Gulf of California, where the predominant habitats are rocky reefs and sandy bottoms. The system is subject to a variety of users with fewer exclusive access rights and more interactions with industrial fisheries (Amador-Castro et al, 2021). Here, fishers target finfish with a variety of fishing gear, while bivalves are collected via hookah diving.…”