Marine-Derived Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to the motor dysfunctions of patients. Although the etiology of PD is still unclear, the death of dopaminergic neurons during PD progress was revealed to be associated with the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, the elevation of oxidative stress, the dysfunction of mitochondrial functions, and the increase of neuroinflammation. However, current anti-PD therapies could only produce symptom-relieving effects, because they could not provide neuroprotective effects, stop or delay the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Marine-derived natural compounds, with their novel chemical structures and unique biological activities, may provide anti-PD neuroprotective effects. In this study, we have summarized anti-PD marine-derived natural products which have shown pharmacological activities by acting on various PD targets, such as α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase B, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, marine-derived natural compounds currently evaluated in the clinical trials for the treatment of PD are also discussed.

Biologically Active Echinulin-Related Indolediketopiperazines from the Marine Sediment-Derived Fungus Aspergillus niveoglaucus

“…To date, only a few marine fungal metabolites are known to be neuroprotective [24]. Neoechinulin A is well known for its antioxidant properties [35].…”

“…Reactive oxygen species cause serious damage and death of dopamine-producing cells when the antioxidant capacity of the cell is reduced against oxidative stress [22,23]. For this reason, compounds may be very effective in treating PD based on in vitro and in vivo models if they demonstrated free radical scavenger effects in cell-free assays or anti-ROS influences in cell-based tests [24].…”

Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Metabolites: Pharmacological Insights and Therapeutic Advances

“…Over the last decade, some excellent works reviewed the neuroprotective effects of marine algae and their metabolites [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 29 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. However, some of these reviews limited their scope either to a single pathogenic mechanism such as neuroinflammation [ 22 ] or to categorical brain disorders such as AD or PD [ 22 , 23 , 29 , 34 , 35 ]. Others have reviewed literature published a decade or half a decade ago [ 23 , 36 ].…”

Aromatic spice Nutmeg attenuates memory deficits in Rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease

“…Several plants derived compounds such as brown rice (Chompoopong et al, 2016), cinnamaldehyde (Mehraein et al, 2018), pepper (Ogunruku et al, 2019) and drugs such as Ceftriaxone (Ruzza et al, 2014;Ho et al, 2014), piracetam (Verma et al, 2015) were proved to be effective in treating dementia in experimental PD. Marine-derived natural products such as omega-3-fatty acid, inosine, etc., were currently under clinical trials against PD (Huang et al, 2019). Moreover, Ho et al (2011) revealed that D-cycloserine was advantageous in the management of biochemical, biological detrimental changes in experimental PD, including cognitive disorders, motor dysfunction.…”