Marine-derived antimicrobial molecules from the sponges and their associated bacteria

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the leading global health issues that demand urgent attention. Very soon the world will have to bear the consequences of increased drug resistance if new anti-infectives aren't pumped into the clinical pipeline in a short period. This presses on the need for novel chemical entities, and the marine environment is one such hotspot to look for. The Ocean harbours a variety of organisms, of which from this aspect, "Sponges (Phylum Porifera)" are of particular interest. To tackle the stresses faced due to their sessile and filter-feeding lifestyle, sponges produce various bioactive compounds, which can be tapped for human use. The sponges harbour several microorganisms of different types and in most cases; the microbial symbionts are the actual producers of the bioactive compounds. This review describes the alarming need for the development of new antimicrobials and how marine sponges can contribute to this. Selected antimicrobial compounds from the marine sponges & their associated bacteria have been described. Additionally, measures to tackle the supply problem have been covered, which is the primary obstacle in marine natural product drug discovery.

A Novel Inhibitor against the Biofilms of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria

“…Out of a total of 31 clinical isolates tested, 10 were AMI-R (Mabs = 5 and MAC = 5 (Mav = 2, Mint = 3)), 9 isolates were resistant to CLA (Mabs = 7, Mav = 2), and 6 strains were resistant to both CLA and AMI (Mabs = 4 and MAC = 2 (Mav = 1, Mint = 1)) that inhibit protein synthesis machinery. Most of the peptides or thiopeptides like NF1001 exert their antibacterial activity via the inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis [45,46]. The potent activity of NF1001 against clinical isolates of NTM resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitors (AMI and CLA) clearly indicates a novel mechanism distinct from AMI and CLA.…”

Chemical Component Analysis of Marine Sponge Extract of Potentially Medicinal Based on Solvent Differences

“…Saturated hydrocarbon components contained in the CTR sponge extract are suspected that these marine sponges most likely live or grow and reproduce in marine waters exposed to hydrocarbon pollutants [23], [26]. Sponges nourish these pollutants because sponges can convert carbon into energy for living activities [14], [16], [53]. Nourishing the carbon component causes these pollutants to enter the sponge's living metabolic system, eventually becoming a part or component forming the body structure of the sponge [19], [54].…”

“…Previous research on this topic has reported that several marine animals, such as sea stars and sponges, have medicinal value [13], [14]. This can be seen in the antibacterial activity of the sponge extract against pathogenic bacteria and parasitic fungi, such as the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella thypi, and Escherichia coli, Candida albicans [15], [16], [17]. The results of other studies also report that sponge extract can inhibit the growth of disease-causing enzymes; for example, it has Acetylcholinesterase activity, an enzyme that can lead to a weakening of the ability to think in humans [18], [17], [18].…”

“…Screening for potentially medicinal chemical components from sponge extracts is research based on different solvents, as a novelty method for tracking specific and unique chemical components. The hope is to find new compounds from sponge extracts that can be used as basic ingredients for medicines to treat several current generative diseases [3], [6], [16].…”