Marine Collagen/Apatite Composite Scaffolds Envisaging Hard Tissue Applications

Abstract

The high prevalence of bone defects has become a worldwide problem. Despite the significant amount of research on the subject, the available therapeutic solutions lack efficiency. Autografts, the most commonly used approaches to treat bone defects, have limitations such as donor site morbidity, pain and lack of donor site. Marine resources emerge as an attractive alternative to extract bioactive compounds for further use in bone tissue-engineering approaches. On one hand they can be isolated from by-products, at low cost, creating value from products that are considered waste for the fish transformation industry. One the other hand, religious constraints will be avoided. We isolated two marine origin materials, collagen from shark skin (Prionace glauca) and calcium phosphates from the teeth of two different shark species (Prionace glauca and Isurus oxyrinchus), and further proposed to mix them to produce 3D composite structures for hard tissue applications. Two crosslinking agents, 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), were tested to enhance the scaffolds’ properties, with EDC/NHS resulting in better properties. The characterization of the structures showed that the developed composites could support attachment and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells. A promising scaffold for the engineering of bone tissue is thus proposed, based on a strategy of marine by-products valorisation.

Evaluation of Differentiated Bone Cells Proliferation by Blue Shark Skin Collagen via Biochemical for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…It was opioned that the morphalogical features of collagen such as fibril interconnectivity, shape and wall morphology were important factors in tissue engineering, since they may influence the growth, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of cells [ 26 ]. In recent research, the collagen from the same species (blue shark skin) was used to formulate a scaffold 3D matrix and tested the proliferation and mineralisation effect on Saos-2 cells, and further confirmed that the scaffold prepared from blue shark skin collagen could support Saos-2 cell attachment and osteoblast-like cells formation [ 14 ]. In the present study, the morphological features confirmed the aptness of blue shark skin collagens in bone tissue engineering.…”

“…Whereas dMC3T3TE1 cells showed similar cell proliferation in both ASC and PSC treated groups. A recent study by Diogo et al [ 14 ] reported that the composite blue shark skin collagen-calcium phosphate scaffold crosslinked with 12.5% EDC/NHS accelerated Saos-2 cells metabolic activity and supported osteoblast-like cells formation, however, this study was conducted using acid soluble collagen. Conversely, in the present study, the collagen was extracted by two different methods using acetic acid and pepsin, respectively, and the proliferative effect of freeze dried collagens was tested using dMBMS and dMC3T3E1 cells.…”

“…Our previous study revealed the osteogenic potential of whale shark bone collagen on mesenchymal stem cells and primary osteocytes [ 13 ]. In another study, composite scaffold 3D matrices were prepared by mixing acid soluble collagen from blue shark ( Prionace glauca ) skin with calcium phosphates from the teeth of Prionace glauca and Isurus oxyrinchus and tested the effect of a composite collagen scaffold 3D matrix in the proliferation of osteoblast-like cells, Saos-2 [ 14 ]. However, the osteogenic properties of pure collagen isolated from blue shark skin need to be addressed before being used as a biomaterial in bone tissue engineering, since the osteogenic potential of fish collagen is profoundly influenced by the molecular composition and arrangement, which is thought to be varied by different extraction methods.…”

From Food Waste to Innovative Biomaterial: Sea Urchin-Derived Collagen for Applications in Skin Regenerative Medicine

“…Marine organisms (sponges, jellyfish, molluscs and fish) are promising sources of collagen [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. However, most of these marine-derived collagens are used in their hydrolyzed form, a step necessary for their efficient extraction.…”

Enhanced Growth of Lapine Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Derived Fibroblasts on Scaffolds Embroidered from Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) and Polylactic Acid Threads Functionalized by Fluorination and Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Cross-Linked Collagen Foams

“…Therefore, HMDI was also included as a cross-linker in the present study. Additionally, EDC and HMDI cross-linking were particularly suitable for dermal implants [30], for hard tissue application [31] or for bioprosthetic mesh materials [32].…”