Marine cage culture and the environment: effects on water quality and primary production

Price, Carol Seals; Black, Kenneth D.; Hargrave, B. T.; Morris, James A.

doi:10.3354/aei00122

Cited by 133 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…Hence, envi-ronmentally sustainable fin-fish farming necessitates an understanding of the farming impact potential beyond the immediate production area (Husa et al 2014). There is, however, a knowledge gap on waste spread and persistence over large areas, as well as on the cumulative effects of multiple farms in a region (Price et al 2015). Far-field or regional effects generally require different tools, such as biomarkers (see also 'Companion parameters' above) or modelling (Skogen et al 2009).…”

Section: Considerations Of Biological Activity Far-field and Cumulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete water quality sampling at open-water aquaculture sites: limitations and strategies

Jansen¹,

Reid²,

Bannister³

et al. 2016

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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While environmental performance of cage-based aquaculture is most often monitored through benthic conditions, there may also be requirements that necessitate discrete, pelagic sampling. In the pelagic realm, adequately capturing the spatial and temporal dynamics of interest and attributing causality to aquaculture processes can be extremely challenging. Conditions are seldom ideal, and data adequacy concerns of discrete samples collected at open-water aquaculture sites are not uncommon. Further exploration of these challenges is needed. Herein, we aim to explore considerations for study design, analysis, and data interpretation of discrete pelagic sampling. As examples, we present 2 case studies where limited sampling occurred under conditions of complex pelagic dynamics. A Norwegian case study quantified particle abundance around salmon farms, and aimed to highlight the effects of spatial−temporal variation on sampling design, the need for inclusion of companion parameters, and the benefits of a priori and a posteriori data interpretation strategies. A Canadian case study collected discrete samples to measure ammonium concentrations with continuous current measurements at an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) farm, to explore issues of complex hydrodynamics, reference site suitability, sampling resolution, data pooling, and post hoc power tests. We further discuss lessons learned and the implications of study design, ambient conditions, physical processes, farm management, statistical analysis, companion parameters, and the potential for confounding effects. Pragmatic consideration of these aspects will ultimately serve to better frame the costs and benefits of discrete pelagic sampling at open-water aquaculture sites.

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Section: Considerations Of Biological Activity Far-field and Cumulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete water quality sampling at open-water aquaculture sites: limitations and strategies

Jansen¹,

Reid²,

Bannister³

et al. 2016

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…High loading of feed loss, metabolism waste, mariculture process (such as fresh water for disinfection and the rubbish left by the workers), the condition of the bay that is closed resulted in high pollution (Price et al, 2015). Those are observed from the condition of the waters around the floating fish cages, which was consistently dark green.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Community Structure of Phytoplankton in Seagrass Ecosystem and its Relationship with Environmental Characterstics

et al. 2016

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The aimed of this study was to determine the plankton communities and its relationship with the chemical and physical condition in seagrass ecosystem at Pegametan Bay. The composition and abundance of plankton were observed in the sea water underneath the surface and were identified based on the guideline of Illustration of the Marine Plankton of Japan. The water quality was measured in situ using WQC HI 9829. The water sample was measured using closed reflux spectrometry for COD, TOC analyzer for DOC and APHA 2102 (4500) method for Nt and Pt. There are 27 species of plankton identified, which can be classified into three groups. Diatom group consists of 18 species with a 74.56% abundance. The nonlitoral group consists of 6 species with a 23.35% abundance. Moreover, dinoflagellate group consist of 3 species with a 2.09% abundance. An abundance of plankton greater than 10 4 cell.L -1 was found in diatome group (Nitzschia sp., Thalassiosira sp., Chaetoceros sp., Flagillaria sp., Thalassiothrix sp., and Melosira sp.) and non-litoral group (Oscillatoria sp. and Spirogyra sp.). The abundance of those species indicated the algae bloom phenomenon. Dinophysis sp. was also identified, which was harmful algal blooms.

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“…Offshore aquaculture may help mitigate some of the negative consequences associated with more nearshore and land-based farms. Less freshwater need, greater distance and depth from shore, and/or faster currents could help reduce impacts such as pollution, disease occurrence, and area use conflicts (Bostock et al, 2010;Holmer, 2010;Price et al, 2015). However, it is difficult to critically assess the impacts and benefits of offshore aquaculture when the very concept of offshore is open to a variety of interpretations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Offshore Aquaculture: I Know It When I See It

et al. 2017

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Offshore aquaculture is increasingly viewed as a mechanism to meet growing protein demand for seafood, while minimizing adverse consequences on the environment and other uses in the oceans. However, despite growing interest in offshore aquaculture, there appears to be no consensus as to what measures commonly define an offshore site or how effects of offshore aquaculture-relative to more nearshore practices-are assessed. This lack of agreement on what constitutes offshore aquaculture has the potential to convolute communication, create uncertainty in regulatory processes, and impede understanding of the ecological implications of offshore farming. To begin addressing these issues, we reviewed and analyzed biologically-focused primary and gray literature (N total = 70) that categorize and quantify characteristics of offshore aquaculture from around the world. We found that many "offshore" descriptions are relatively close to shore (<3 nm) and significantly shallower (minimum depth ≤30 m) than may be assumed. We also uncovered an overall lack of consistent reporting of even the most common location-focused metrics (distance from shore, depth, current), a dearth of impact related studies (n = 17), and narrow scope of the studies themselves (i.e., 82% nutrient pollution). Of the finite subset of articles that investigated negative ecological impacts of offshore aquaculture, we found the probability of any measurable impact from an offshore farm appears to significantly decrease with distance from the farm (probability of measurable response at 90 m ± SE = 0.01 ± 0.03). Such general, but informative points of reference could be more robustly quantified with better systematic and standardized reporting of physical farm characteristics and a broader scope of ecological investigation into the effects of marine aquaculture. With offshore aquaculture still in its infancy, consistent metrics are needed for a comparable framework to guide sustainable offshore aquaculture research and development globally.

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Marine cage culture and the environment: effects on water quality and primary production

Cited by 133 publications

References 117 publications

Discrete water quality sampling at open-water aquaculture sites: limitations and strategies

Discrete water quality sampling at open-water aquaculture sites: limitations and strategies

The Community Structure of Phytoplankton in Seagrass Ecosystem and its Relationship with Environmental Characterstics

Offshore Aquaculture: I Know It When I See It

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