Marine biotoxins in shellfish – Pectenotoxin group

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1109

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The relevant TEFs and regulatory limits are presented in Table 5. 1 The TEFs for each LST group were as per the EFSA regulations [29,30,33]; 2 EU limits for each LST group [47,48].…”

Section: Contamination Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PTX2, OA, and its derivatives (DTX1 and DTX2) are heat-stable polyether compounds widely reported in Dinophysis spp. [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. YTXs are a group of structurally related polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum , Lingulodinium polyedrum , and Gonyaulax spinifera [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…YTXs are a group of structurally related polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum , Lingulodinium polyedrum , and Gonyaulax spinifera [ 32 ]. Currently, most reports on these toxins mainly focus on their acute rather than chronic toxicity [ 29 , 30 , 33 ]. For example, acute shellfish poisoning may occur with symptoms of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, within 30 min to several hours after human consumption of shellfish containing high levels of OA and DTXs [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in the Zhejiang Province, China

Weng,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Marine Drugs

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Although lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) pose a significant threat to the health of seafood consumers, their systematic investigation and risk assessment remain scarce. The goals of this study were as follows: (1) analyze LST levels in commercially available shellfish in Zhejiang province, China, and determine factors influencing LST distribution; (2) assess the acute dietary risk of exposure to LSTs for local consumers during the red tide period; (3) explore potential health risks of LSTs in humans; and (4) study the acute risks of simultaneous dietary exposure to LSTs and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). A total of 546 shellfish samples were collected. LSTs were detected in 89 samples (16.3%) at concentrations below the regulatory limits. Mussels were the main shellfish species contaminated with LSTs. Spatial variations were observed in the yessotoxin group. Acute exposure to LSTs based on multiple scenarios was low. The minimum tolerable exposure durations for LSTs calculated using the mean and the 95th percentile of consumption data were 19.7 and 4.9 years, respectively. Our findings showed that Zhejiang province residents are at a low risk of combined exposure to LSTs and PSTs; however, the risk may be higher for children under 6 years of age in the extreme scenario.

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“…The relevant TEFs and regulatory limits are presented in Table 5. 1 The TEFs for each LST group were as per the EFSA regulations [29,30,33]; 2 EU limits for each LST group [47,48].…”

Section: Contamination Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in the Zhejiang Province, China

Weng,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Marine Drugs

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“…More than 1000 metabolites correlated with LMTs have been identified; however, in fulfilment of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reports and studies, the European Commission (EC) set the maximum permitted levels (MPLs) for four subgroups in shellfish. The EC and Member States established the relevant compounds and assigned a toxic equivalency factor (TEF) to them [ 1 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Additionally, they appointed sampling plans, classified the location and boundaries of the production and relaying areas of bivalve molluscs, and planned regulatory controls and monitoring programs, according to Regulations (EC) No 853/2004 and 627/2019 [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to their poisoning symptoms and frequency of co-occurrence, OA and PTX groups were globally defined as DSP (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning) toxins [ 19 , 24 ]. However, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain underlined that they do not share the same mechanism of action, so should not be included in the same regulatory limit [ 14 ]. In 2004, after the Joint FAO/IOC/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO/World Health Organization) report, the deregulation of pectenotoxins was proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish

et al. 2022

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Under the name of lipophilic marine toxins, there are included more than 1000 toxic secondary metabolites, produced by phytoplankton, with the common chemical property of lipophilicity. Due to toxicological effects and geographical distribution, in European legislation relevant compounds are regulated, and their determination is accomplished with the reference liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In this study a modified ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EU-regulated lipophilic toxins. The method optimization included a refinement of SPE-C18 clean-up, in order to reduce matrix interferences. Improved LC conditions and upgraded chromatographic ammonia-based gradient ensured the best separation of all analytes and, in particular, of the two structural isomers (OA and DTX2). Also, different MS parameters were tested, and confirmation criteria finally established. The validation studies confirmed that all parameters were satisfactory. The requirements for precision (RSD% < 11.8% for each compound), trueness (recoveries from 73 to 101%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range 3-8 µg kg−1) were fulfilled. The matrix effect, ranging from −9 to 19%, allowed the use of a calibration curve in solvent (3–320 µg kg-1 in matrix) for quantification of real samples. Method relative uncertainty ranged from 12 to 20.3%. Additionally, a total of 1000 shellfish samples was analysed, providing a first preliminary surveillance study that may contribute to the knowledge of lipophilic marine toxins contamination. Increase in algae proliferation events and intoxication cases, EFSA suggestions for modification of maximum permitted levels and toxicity equivalency factors, and new studies of important toxic effects underline that implementation of reference methods still represents an important task for health and food safety laboratories.

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Biological Toxins from Marine and Freshwater Microalgae

Delia

Caruso

Melcarne

et al. 2015

SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science

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In the last decades the increased occurrence of intoxications caused by biological toxins produced from marine and freshwater microalgae has underlined their relevance as emerging risks for food safety. Biological toxins from algae (i.e. saxitoxin, brevetoxin, okadaic acid, domoic acid) are recognised as a major threat for human and animal health, especially where Harmful Algal Blooms phenomena develop. Many of these toxins are responsible for severe illness or death, mostly related to consumption of seafood contaminated by toxic algae. The present book summarises current knowledge and perspectives for future research on marine and freshwater algal toxins. Specific topics are: overview of the different species producing toxins, their survival strategies in the environment; typologies of toxins, their chemical structure and mechanisms of actions; methods currently in use for their monitoring; emerging issues and future outlooks for their control. The importance of biotoxin monitoring in the framework of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive is also discussed. Keywords

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Marine biotoxins in shellfish – Pectenotoxin group

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in the Zhejiang Province, China

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in the Zhejiang Province, China

Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish

Biological Toxins from Marine and Freshwater Microalgae

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