Marine Biotoxins

Martínez, Aníbal; Garrido‐Maestu, Alejandro; Ben-Gigirey, Begoña; Chapela, María-José; González, Virginia; Vieites, Juan M.; Cabado, Ana G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53971-8_37

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 241 publications

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“…There are several examples of potent natural toxins being used as drugs in human medicine [ 112 , 113 ]; for example, botulinum toxin, from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , employed in situations where excessive muscle contraction is observed, or even with cosmetic purposes [ 114 , 115 ]; conotoxin, a synthetic analogue of the cone snail Conus magnus peptide ω-conotoxin, for the treatment of severe chronic pain [ 111 ] and several analogues have been proposed to have cardioprotective effects, to be useful in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and nicotine addiction treatment [ 116 ]. Other biotoxins from marine origin, such as those from the STX group, have been proposed for medical applications [ 117 , 118 ].…”

Section: Medical Applications Of Tetrodotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses

et al. 2015

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for many human intoxications and fatalities each year. The origin of TTX is unknown, but in the pufferfish, it seems to be produced by endosymbiotic bacteria that often seem to be passed down the food chain. The ingestion of contaminated pufferfish, considered the most delicious fish in Japan, is the usual route of toxicity. This neurotoxin, reported as a threat to human health in Asian countries, has spread to the Pacific and Mediterranean, due to the increase of temperature waters worldwide. TTX, for which there is no known antidote, inhibits sodium channel producing heart failure in many cases and consequently death. In Japan, a regulatory limit of 2 mg eq TTX/kg was established, although the restaurant preparation of “fugu” is strictly controlled by law and only chefs qualified are allowed to prepare the fish. Due to its paralysis effect, this neurotoxin could be used in the medical field as an analgesic to treat some cancer pains.

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Section: Medical Applications Of Tetrodotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses

et al. 2015

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“…Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids that are the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). These toxins are mainly produced by toxic dinoflagellates belonging to the genera Alexandrium , Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium and they have also been identified in some cyanobacteria which may occur in fresh and brackish waters [ 1 ]. PSTs act by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, thus slowing or abolishing the propagation of the action potential, and, as a consequence, a progressive loss of neuromuscular function ensues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain

Ben-Gigirey

Rossignoli

Riobó

et al. 2020

Toxins

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A paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episode developed in summer 2018 in the Rías Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The outbreak was associated with an unprecedentedly intense and long-lasting harmful algal bloom (HAB) (~one month) caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analyzed in extracts of 45 A. minutum strains isolated from the bloom by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PCOX-FLD). PSTs were also evaluated in tissues from marine fauna (invertebrates and fish) collected during the episode and in dolphin samples. The analysis of 45 A. minutum strains revealed a toxic profile including GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 toxins. With regard to the marine fauna samples, the highest PSTs levels were quantified in bivalve mollusks, but the toxins were also found in mullets, mackerels, starfish, squids and ascidians. This study reveals the potential accumulation of PSTs in marine invertebrates other than shellfish that could act as vectors in the trophic chain or pose a risk for human consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PSTs are reported in ascidians and starfish from Spain. Moreover, it is the first time that evidence of PSTs in squids is described in Europe.

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“…PSTs are mostly associated with marine dinoflagellates (genera Alexandrium , Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium ) and freshwater cyanobacteria, which form extensive blooms around the world [ 25 ]. Binding of PSTs to voltage-gated sodium channels and the blockade of ion conductance through these channels is the major molecular mechanism of action of this group of toxins on nerves and muscle fibers [ 55 ].…”

Section: Direct and Indirect Impacts From Habs On Marine Birds Biotoxins And Other Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marine biotoxins pose a serious threat to human health. The ingestion of contaminated seafood can produce syndromes with varying degrees of severity such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), among others [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. As a rule, it is the digestive tract of vector species (shellfish, crabs, snails, fish, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, the advances in analytical methods with increased sensitivity and selectivity [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 25 ], allow seabird carcasses to be tested for the presence of marine biotoxins. To this end, relevant tissue samples need to be taken and sampling preparation must be adapted, if required, to the particular tissues [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paralytic and Amnesic Shellfish Toxins Impacts on Seabirds, Analyses and Management

Ben-Gigirey

Soliño

Bravo

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Marine biotoxins have been frequently implicated in morbidity and mortality events in numerous species of birds worldwide. Nevertheless, their effects on seabirds have often been overlooked and the associated ecological impact has not been extensively studied. On top of that, the number of published studies confirming by analyses the presence of marine biotoxins from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in seabirds, although having increased in recent years, is still quite low. This review compiles information on studies evidencing the impact of HAB toxins on marine birds, with a special focus on the effects of paralytic and amnesic shellfish toxins (PSTs and ASTs). It is mainly centered on studies in which the presence of PSTs and/or ASTs in seabird samples was demonstrated through analyses. The analytical techniques commonly employed, the tissues selected and the adjustments done in protocols for processing seabird matrixes are summarized. Other topics covered include the role of different vectors in the seabird intoxications, information on clinical signs in birds affected by PSTs and ASTs, and multifactorial causes which could aggravate the syndromes. Close collaboration between seabird experts and marine biotoxins researchers is needed to identify and report the potential involvement of HABs and their toxins in the mortality events. Future studies on the PSTs and ASTs pharmacodynamics, together with the establishment of lethal doses in various seabird species, are also necessary. These studies would aid in the selection of the target organs for toxins analyses and in the postmortem intoxication diagnoses.

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Marine Biotoxins

Cited by 8 publications

References 241 publications

Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses

Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses

First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain

Paralytic and Amnesic Shellfish Toxins Impacts on Seabirds, Analyses and Management

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