Marine biogenics in sea spray aerosols interact with the mTOR signaling pathway

Asselman, Jana; Acker, Emmanuel Van; Rijcke, Maarten De; Tilleman, Laurentijn; Nieuwerburgh, Filip Van; Mees, Jan; Schamphelaere, Karel A.C. De; Janssen, Colin R.

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36866-3

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…There, we examined gene expression effects on A549 cells of the hYTX extract, next to pure hYTX and a natural SSA extract. Our previous findings [29], concerning the effects of YTXs on genes related to the mTOR pathway, corroborate our current results and provide additional support for the biogenics hypothesis.…”

Section: Effect On Mtor Pathway Activitysupporting

confidence: 91%

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Aerosolizable Marine Phycotoxins and Human Health Effects: In Vitro Support for the Biogenics Hypothesis

et al. 2020

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Respiratory exposure to marine phycotoxins is of increasing concern. Inhalation of sea spray aerosols (SSAs), during harmful Karenia brevis and Ostreopsis ovata blooms induces respiratory distress among others. The biogenics hypothesis, however, suggests that regular airborne exposure to natural products is health promoting via a downregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Until now, little scientific evidence supported this hypothesis. The current explorative in vitro study investigated both health-affecting and potential health-promoting mechanisms of airborne phycotoxin exposure, by analyzing cell viability effects via cytotoxicity assays and effects on the mTOR pathway via western blotting. To that end, A549 and BEAS-2B lung cells were exposed to increasing concentrations (ng·L−1–mg·L−1) of (1) pure phycotoxins and (2) an extract of experimental aerosolized homoyessotoxin (hYTX). The lowest cell viability effect concentrations were found for the examined yessotoxins (YTXs). Contradictory to the other phycotoxins, these YTXs only induced a partial cell viability decrease at the highest test concentrations. Growth inhibition and apoptosis, both linked to mTOR pathway activity, may explain these effects, as both YTXs were shown to downregulate this pathway. This proof-of-principle study supports the biogenics hypothesis, as specific aerosolizable marine products (e.g., YTXs) can downregulate the mTOR pathway.

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Section: Effect On Mtor Pathway Activitysupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Both suggestions imply a decreased bioavailability and lead to weaker effects. This conclusion, concerning the relative weaker effects of this hYTX extract, was also made in our previous study [29]. There, we examined gene expression effects on A549 cells of the hYTX extract, next to pure hYTX and a natural SSA extract.…”

Section: Effect On Mtor Pathway Activitysupporting

confidence: 70%

Aerosolizable Marine Phycotoxins and Human Health Effects: In Vitro Support for the Biogenics Hypothesis

et al. 2020

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“…These studies showed, among others, that YTXs can downregulate the mTOR pathway, that is, the crucial cellular pathway in Moore's biogenics hypothesis. 34 The current study demonstrates the potential for exposure to YTXs through SSAs and therefore supports, combined with the above-cited effect studies, 29,32,33 the principles of the biogenics hypothesis. This highlights that, in addition to adverse effects of phycotoxins, SSAs can provide an exposure route for a whole spectrum of marine compounds with positive pharmacological effects.…”

Section: ■ Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Phycotoxin-Enriched Sea Spray Aerosols: Methods, Mechanisms, and Human Exposure

Acker

Huysman

Rijcke

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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To date, few studies have examined the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) in human exposure to harmful and beneficial marine compounds. Two groups of phycotoxins (brevetoxins and ovatoxins) have been reported to induce respiratory syndromes during harmful algal blooms. The aerosolization and coastal air concentrations of other common marine phycotoxins have, however, never been examined. This study provides the first (experimental) evidence and characterization of the aerosolization of okadaic acid (OA), homoyessotoxin, and dinophysistoxin-1 using seawater spiked with toxic algae combined with the realistic SSA production in a marine aerosol reference tank (MART). The potential for aerosolization of these phycotoxins was highlighted by their 78-to 1769-fold enrichment in SSAs relative to the subsurface water. To obtain and support these results, we first developed an analytical method for the determination of phycotoxin concentrations in SSAs, which showed good linearity (R 2 > 0.99), recovery (85.3− 101.8%), and precision (RSDs ≤ 17.2%). We also investigated natural phycotoxin air concentrations by means of in situ SSA sampling with concurrent aerosolization experiments using natural seawater in the MART. This approach allowed us to indirectly quantify the (harmless) magnitude of OA concentrations (0.6−51 pg m −3 ) in Belgium's coastal air. Overall, this study provides new insights into the enriched aerosolization of marine compounds and proposes a framework to assess their airborne exposure and effects on human health.

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“…Moore 94 hypothesized that inhalation and ingestion (with upper respiratory tract mucus) of certain natural products, such as aerosolized harmful algal toxins (phycotoxins), may have direct effects on the body's molecular regulatory systems resulting in health benefits (eg, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiaging). 100 Recent support for this phytohormetic hypothesis has come from work by Asselman et al, 101 demonstrating that some phycotoxins in natural marine aerosols can inhibit mTOR and induce autophagy in cultured lung cells. Growth inhibition and apoptosis, both linked to mTOR pathway activity, may explain these effects, as yessotoxins were shown to downregulate this pathway.…”

Section: Hormesis and Autophagy In Animal And Human Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysosomes, Autophagy, and Hormesis in Cell Physiology, Pathology, and Age-Related Disease

Moore

2020

Dose-Response

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Autophagy has been strongly linked with hormesis, however, it is only relatively recently that the mechanistic basis underlying this association has begun to emerge. Lysosomal autophagy is a group of processes that degrade proteins, protein aggregates, membranes, organelles, segregated regions of cytoplasm, and even parts of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. These degradative processes are evolutionarily very ancient and provide a survival capability for cells that are stressed or injured. Autophagy and autophagic dysfunction have been linked with many aspects of cell physiology and pathology in disease processes; and there is now intense interest in identifying various therapeutic strategies involving its regulation. The main regulatory pathway for augmented autophagy is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) cell signaling, although other pathways can be involved, such as 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Mechanistic target of rapamycin is a key player in the many highly interconnected intracellular signaling pathways and is responsible for the control of cell growth among other processes. Inhibition of mTOR (specifically dephosphorylation of mTOR complex 1) triggers augmented autophagy and the search is on the find inhibitors that can induce hormetic responses that may be suitable for treating many diseases, including many cancers, type 2 diabetes, and age-related neurodegenerative conditions.

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Marine biogenics in sea spray aerosols interact with the mTOR signaling pathway

Cited by 15 publications

References 55 publications

Aerosolizable Marine Phycotoxins and Human Health Effects: In Vitro Support for the Biogenics Hypothesis

Aerosolizable Marine Phycotoxins and Human Health Effects: In Vitro Support for the Biogenics Hypothesis

Phycotoxin-Enriched Sea Spray Aerosols: Methods, Mechanisms, and Human Exposure

Lysosomes, Autophagy, and Hormesis in Cell Physiology, Pathology, and Age-Related Disease

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