Marine Biodiversity and Geographic Distributions Are Independent on Large Scales

Antell, Gwen S.; Kiessling, Wolfgang; Aberhan, Martin; Saupe, Erin E.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.065

Cited by 24 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, background and mass extinctions could lead to preferential loss of volatile taxa with intrinsically high rates of origination and extinction over time (Gilinksy 1994; Lieberman and Melott 2013). During “normal” evolutionary times, the extinction-prone, narrowly distributed taxa removed by extinction would be replaced after several million years, as new speciation events tend to generate small-ranged taxa (Foote 2007; Liow and Stenseth 2007; Antell et al 2020). The eventual reappearance of these small-ranged taxa would have therefore reinstated geographic range size as an important determinant of extinction risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Powell (2005) proposed that the low extinction and origination rates during the Late Mississippian to middle Permian were due, in part, to the higher proportion of brachiopod taxa with larger latitudinal ranges, potentially reflecting broader ecological tolerances. The same characteristics that typically buffer against extinction (large geographic range size; broad ecological tolerance; and abundant, stable populations) also inhibit isolation of populations that would lead to speciation, potentially impeding generation of new taxa, themselves usually characterized by small geographic distributions at higher risk of extinction (Vrba 1980; Jablonski 1986; Stanley 1986; Foote 2007; Antell et al 2020). Thus, reduced variation and skew toward larger range sizes may have rendered this variable an ineffective predictor of extinction risk during the Late Mississippian to middle Permian.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of geographic range size and abundance on extinction during a time of “sluggish”’ evolution

Casey¹,

Saupe²,

Lieberman³

2020

Paleobiology

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Geographic range size and abundance are important determinants of extinction risk in fossil and extant taxa. However, the relationship between these variables and extinction risk has not been tested extensively during evolutionarily “quiescent” times of low extinction and speciation in the fossil record. Here we examine the influence of geographic range size and abundance on extinction risk during the late Paleozoic (Mississippian–Permian), a time of “sluggish” evolution when global rates of origination and extinction were roughly half those of other Paleozoic intervals. Analyses used spatiotemporal occurrences for 164 brachiopod species from the North American midcontinent. We found abundance to be a better predictor of extinction risk than measures of geographic range size. Moreover, species exhibited reductions in abundance before their extinction but did not display contractions in geographic range size. The weak relationship between geographic range size and extinction in this time and place may reflect the relative preponderance of larger-ranged taxa combined with the physiographic conditions of the region that allowed for easy habitat tracking that dampened both extinction and speciation. These conditions led to a prolonged period (19–25 Myr) during which standard macroevolutionary rules did not apply.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of geographic range size and abundance on extinction during a time of “sluggish”’ evolution

Casey¹,

Saupe²,

Lieberman³

2020

Paleobiology

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“…After the extinction event, the survivors expand their geographic ranges, potentially benefiting from vacant niches caused by extinction, where competition and predation pressures are very low (Harries et al 1996). However, empirical evidence is limited, and at least bivalves and brachiopods do not show ecological release after extinction crises (Antell et al 2020).…”

Section: Models For Cosmopolitanism Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic

Dai

Song

2020

Paleobiology

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Cosmopolitanism occurred recurrently during the geologic past, especially after mass extinctions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Three theoretical models, not mutually exclusive, can lead to cosmopolitanism: (1) selective extinction in endemic taxa, (2) endemic taxa becoming cosmopolitan after the extinction and (3) an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan taxa after extinction. We analyzed an updated occurrence dataset including 831 middle Permian to Middle Triassic ammonoid genera and used two network methods to distinguish major episodes of ammonoid cosmopolitanism during this time interval. Then, we tested the three proposed models in these case studies. Our results confirm that at least two remarkable cosmopolitanism events occurred after the Permian–Triassic and late Smithian (Early Triassic) extinctions, respectively. Partitioned analyses of survivors and newcomers revealed that the immediate cosmopolitanism event (Griesbachian) after the Permian–Triassic event can be attributed to endemic genera becoming cosmopolitan (model 2) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera after the extinction (model 3). Late Smithian cosmopolitanism is caused by selective extinction in endemic taxa (model 1) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera (model 3). We found that the survivors of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction did not show a wider geographic range, suggesting that this mass extinction is nonselective among the biogeographic ranges, while late Smithian survivors exhibit a wide geographic range, indicating selective survivorship among cosmopolitan genera. These successive cosmopolitanism events during severe extinctions are associated with marked environmental upheavals such as rapid climate changes and oceanic anoxic events, suggesting that environmental fluctuations play a significant role in cosmopolitanism.

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“…Species diversity is driven mainly by abiotic factors (e.g., landscape, climate, and food supply; e.g., Benton, 2009;Antell et al, 2020), and despite their external similarity (e.g., Arapov et al, 2010), bivalves and brachiopods have differing diversification patterns. A prominent internal feature of brachiopods is the multi-purpose lophophore (Richardson, 1986), which is used to create active and passive water currents for respiration, excretion, and reproduction (e.g., Atkins, 1956;Bullivant, 1968;Carlson, 2016).…”

Section: Permian Rise Of Brachiopodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity patterns across the Late Paleozoic Ice Age

Seuß

Roden

Kocsis

2020

Palaeontol Electron

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The Late Palaeozoic Ice Age (LPIA, Famennian to Wuchiapingian) witnessed two transitions between ice-and greenhouse conditions. These alternations led to drastic alterations in the marine system (e.g., sea-level, habitat size, sea-surface temperature) forcing faunal changes. To reassess the response of the global marine fauna, we analyze diversity dynamics of brachiopod, bivalve, and gastropod taxa throughout the LPIA using data from the Paleobiology Database. Diversity dynamics were assessed regarding environmental affinities of these clades. Our analyses indicate that during the LPIA more taxa had an affinity towards siliciclastic than towards carbonate environments. Deep-water and reefal habitats were more favored while grain size was less determining. In individual stages of the LPIA, the clades show rather constant affinities towards an environment. Those bivalves and brachiopods with an affinity differ in their habitat preferences, indicating that there might have been little competition among these two clades. Origination and extinction rates are similar during the main phase of the LPIA, whether environmental affinities are considered or not. This underlines that the LPIA marine fauna was well adapted and capable of reacting to changing environmental and climatic conditions. Since patterns of faunal change are similar in different environments, our study implies that the changes in faunal composition (e.g., diversity loss during the LPIA; strong increase of brachiopod diversity during the Permian) were influenced by the habitat to only a minor degree but most likely by yet unknown abiotic factors. However, also sea-surface temperature was not the main force driving changes in faunal composition.

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Marine Biodiversity and Geographic Distributions Are Independent on Large Scales

Abstract: Highlights d Geographic range sizes vary independently of the number of species in assemblages d Species that survive mass extinctions do not invade the space of fallen competitors d Competition affects populations but appears weak on larger spatiotemporal scales

Cited by 24 publications

References 63 publications

The effects of geographic range size and abundance on extinction during a time of “sluggish”’ evolution

The effects of geographic range size and abundance on extinction during a time of “sluggish”’ evolution

Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic

Biodiversity patterns across the Late Paleozoic Ice Age

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