Marine bacterial fouling: A scanning electron microscope study

Scanning electron microscope observations of marine microorganisms on surfaces coated with antifouling paints

“…Many studies have reported on the existence of some kind of ecological succession of fouling communities beginning with film forming bacteria, diatoms, and protozoans, and ending with barnacles, tunicates, mussels, and seaweeds (Haderlie, 1974;Horbund and Freiberger, 1970;O'Neill, 1975 (e.g., 1970a, 1970b, 1972, 1975, 1977), Dempsey (1981), Dexter (1976), DiSalvo and Daniels (1975), Gerchakov et al, (1976), Tosteson and Corpe (1975), Winters and Corpe (1972), and Zobel (1939( ). Corpe (1970a noted that glass slides have been used by many investigators as the traditional method for study of aquatic bacteria because they can be examined by microscope and cultures can be isolated from the surfaces.…”

“…The "critical surface tension" of the coated surface may be modified so that strong bonding is possible with the mucopolysaccharides exuded by the film forming bacteria (Baier, 1973 (Marshall et al . , 1971b) to 48 or 72 hours (Corpe, 1973;Dempsey, 1981 and Achromobacter (Corpe, 1973;Corpe and Winters, 1972; O'Neill and Wilcox, 1971). Gram-negative species dominated the populations with only 10 to 15 percent being gram-positive (Dempsey, 1981) .…”

“…, 1971b) to 48 or 72 hours (Corpe, 1973;Dempsey, 1981 and Achromobacter (Corpe, 1973;Corpe and Winters, 1972; O'Neill and Wilcox, 1971). Gram-negative species dominated the populations with only 10 to 15 percent being gram-positive (Dempsey, 1981) .…”

“…The secondary colonizers, in general, were 18 stalked, budding, or filamentous types identified as species of Caulobacter , Hypomicrobium and Saprospira (Dempsey, 1981;Marshall et al, 1971b). Zobell and Allen (1935) There is an apparent equilibrium condition between the electrostatic repulsion forces and the attractive influences of the Van Der Waals forces.…”

“…No organisms were seen until after 4 days of immersion ( (Corpe, 1973) . A major characteristic of these bacteria is the presence of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer cell layer which may act as a penetration barrier, especially to hydrophobic compounds (Dempsey, 1981;Corpe, 1977 (Sieburth, 1979) …”