Marine Amebae From Clean and Stressed Bottom Sediments of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico*^,†,‡

Abstract

SYNOPSIS Amebae isolated from sediments of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico were maintained in continuous culture and most were identified to genus and species. Twenty‐six species representing 12 genera were recognized from existing literature and several others (Flabellula, Mastigamoeba, Cochliopododium) were identified only to genus. One ameboflagellate and several small limax‐type amebae which require further study also were isolated. Other sarcodmids belonging to the Heliozoida, Testocida, Leptomyxida, and Proteomyxida were identified only tentatively. the distribution of the amebae and ameba‐like organisms was tabulated for the following geographic areas: Atlantic Ocean near Long Island, New York: Atlantic Ocean 16‐65 miles offshore from New York and New Jersey: Atlantic Ocean 1‐50 miles offshore from Maryland and Delaware: and the Gulf of Mexico 3.5‐41 miles offshore from the southeastern United States. Amebae present in shellfish holding trays at Lewis. Delaware, were isolated, and identified to compare the distribution of species in laboratory tanks with those present in natural ocean bottoms. Published accounts of each collection site were reviewed to obtain specific data on contamination with sewage wastes, acid wastes, dredge spoils, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Two previously undescribed amebae were found to represent new genera and species and are described herein, one from the Delaware mariculture facility, and the other from the digestive tract of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the gill surface of the lady crab, Ovalipes ocellatus. Sarcodinids present in clean or stressed environments were listed, and genera and species that were widespread or apparently geographically restricted were recorded.

Diversity of Heterolobosea

“…Finally, acrasids have developed a simple form of aggregative multicellularity and represent the only known multicellular excavates. (Broers et al, 1990;De Jonckheere et al, 2011b;Page, 1983;Sawyer, 1980;Yubuki & Leander, 2008). All heteroloboseans lack a typical, "stacked" Golgi apparatus.…”

Reservoirs and alternate hosts for pathogens of commercially important crustaceans: A review

“…While Paramoebae perniciosa has not been isolated from environmental water or soil samples (Sawyer, 1975(Sawyer, , 1977(Sawyer, , 1980, researchers determined experimentally that it is probably capable of surviving outside of its blue crab host in brackish to high salinity waters (Sawyer, 1980). Other pathogenic amoebas have been isolated from water and sediment samples (Crosbie et al, 2005;Sawyer, 1977), so, while these species are not known to infect crustaceans, the potential exists that infective amoebas exist in the natural environment and await discovery (Sawyer, 1990).…”

Distribution of Neoparamoeba sp. in sediments around marine finfish farming sites in Tasmania

“…Neoparamoeba sp. was recovered by culture using sediment sample sizes comparable to those used in the present study (less than 5 g) from a variety of conditions, including clean Atlantic Ocean sediments, chemical dump sites, off-shore sewage disposal sites and areas under oil platforms (Sawyer 1980). In the above study, Paramoeba pemaquidensis (the genus has since been renamed Neoparamoeba) was recovered from all of the study sites, including those most impacted by oil contamination in the Gulf of Mexico.…”