Marine aerosol and stone decay

Zezza, Fulvio; Macrí, F.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04575-l

Cited by 72 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The measured metal concentrations are found to differ by several orders of magnitude from one metal to another. The highest concentrations are observed for K (99 ng m -3 ) and Na (73 ng m -3 ), which are the main constituents of marine spray, 30 while the lowest concentrations are observed for elements such as Cs and Co (respectively 0.01 and 0.02 ng m -3 ), which are present in very low concentrations in marine spray 30 and crustal material. 31 Comparison with literature data shows that the observed average element concentration in PM 2.5 are very similar to values reported for other important cities of the world, such as Toronto, 32 New York, 33 Budapest 34 for most of the elements.…”

Section: Local Meteorology and Aerosol Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs and Trace Elements in PM_2.5 at the Venice Lagoon

et al. 2007

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The results of an experimental analysis carried out to investigate PM(2.5) concentration levels and the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as inorganic trace elements in the atmospheric particles are presented. Measurements were taken with a micrometeorological station equipped with an optical PM(2.5) detector, and simultaneously, particles were collected on filters for subsequent chemical analyses. The average value of daily PM(2.5) concentration is 21.5 ug/m3 and real-time measurements indicate that the average concentration during the day (8 am to 8 pm) is about 25% lower than the nocturnal average. Short-time averages of PM2.5 decrease when the wind speed increases as consequence of the more efficient mixing. Meteorological measurements indicate the presence of a local daily (breeze) circulation with wind blowing from the Alps or the Adriatic Sea and, during this circulation, larger concentrations were observed, with wind coming from the Alps. Days of high PM(2.5) concentration with dominant anthropic or with prevalent crustal contributions were identified. Regarding trace metals, their average concentrations are comparable to those found in others urban areas, except for Cd (3 ng m(-3)), probably due to the presence of glass-works in Murano. The highest concentrations are observed for K (99 ng m(-3)) and Na (73 ng m(-3)), which are the main constituents of marine spray, while the lowest concentrations are observed for elements such as Cs and Co (respectively 0.01 and 0.02 ng m(-3)). Also the concentrations of PAH are comparable with those of other industrial areas, as their sum ranges from 0.16 ng m(-3) to 3.73 ng m(-3), but if considered as B(a)P toxicity equivalent, they are largely lower (0.036 +/- 0.026 ng m(-3)). From the analyses of discriminating ratios, it has been found that the main origin of PAH in PM(2.5) samples may be petrogenic, probably related to the presence of refinery and petrochemical plants on the mainland, although the contribution of combustion processes cannot be excluded.

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Section: Local Meteorology and Aerosol Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs and Trace Elements in PM_2.5 at the Venice Lagoon

et al. 2007

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“…Heavy aerosol particles generally do not reach 12 m height when they are carried by the wind in the horizontal flow [22]. Hence, an increase of the wind speed flow up to 10 m height causes an increase in .…”

Section: Influence Of Wind Flow and Temperature Humidity Complex Onmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two types of Chloride deposition on surfaces may occur. When salt particles are generated, they rapidly become equilibrated with the environment in marine aerosol and, depending on temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions; they can turn into saline solution or salt crystals [22]. If RH is higher than 70%, aerosol particles on surfaces as saline solution and not as crystals are deposited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor-Indoor Atmospheric Corrosion in a Coastal Wind Farm Located in a Tropical Island

Castañeda¹,

Corvo²,

Fernández³

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Atmospheric corrosion is important to consider for energy production and transmission. Important and valuable information have been accumulated in this subject; however, the application of new knowledge obtained is not completed. In order to contribute to a decrease in economic losses caused by atmospheric corrosion in wind farms, studies toward application of this knowledge should be carried out. One of the most common reasons for the failure of coastal structures and infrastructures is deterioration failure which is the result of structure deterioration and lack of project maintenance. Atmospheric corrosion was evaluated at outdoor and indoor exposure sites located at different distances from the sea in a wind farm region. Carbon and galvanized steel, copper and aluminum specimens were exposed. Main pollutants and atmospheric parameters were measured. Significant differences between outdoor corrosivity determined by dose response functions established on ISO standard respecting direct weight loss evaluation were found. Estimation carried out using dose response functions overestimate corrosivity (excepting copper). Main factors causing outdoor corrosion are different to indoor. Very high outdoor and indoor corrosivity classifications were determined.

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“…It is tempting to assume a causal relationship between salt availability and rock weathering, given the undoubted efficacy of salt weathering as demonstrated by numerous laboratory experiments (e.g. Sperling and Cooke 1985;Goudie 1993;Goudie and Viles 1997;Warke et al 2006) and field-based studies (Johannesseson et al 1982; Moses and Smith 1994;Zezza and Macrí 1995;Torfs and Van Grieken 1997;Mottershead 1997Mottershead , 2000Chabas et al 2000). However, the apparent lack of obvious deterioration of granite prior to automation of the lighthouses and the coincidence between implementation of automation and the onset and subsequent rapid progression of granite deterioration suggest a more complex explanation in which some other less obvious factor or combination of factors was responsible for triggering the decay sequence in which salt weathering undoubtedly plays a significant role.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish lighthouses: implications for the long-term preservation of operational historic buildings

Warke

Smith

Lehane³

2010

Environ Earth Sci

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Following automation of lighthouses around the coastline of Ireland, reports of accelerated deterioration of interior granite stonework have increased significantly with an associated deterioration in the historic structure and rise in related maintenance costs. Decay of granite stonework primarily occurs through granular disintegration with the effective grusification of granite surfaces. A decay gradient exists within the towers whereby the condition of granite in the lower levels is much worse than elsewhere. The lower tower levels are also regions with highest relative humidity values and greatest salt concentrations. Data indicate that post-automation decay may have been triggered by a change in micro-environmental conditions within the towers associated with increased episodes of condensation on stone surfaces. This in turn appears to have facilitated deposition and accumulation of hygroscopic salts (e.g. NaCl) giving rise to widespread evidence of deliquescence in the lower tower levels. Evidence indicates that the main factors contributing to accelerated deterioration of interior granite stonework are changes in micro-environmental conditions, salt weathering, chemical weathering through the corrosive effect of strongly alkaline conditions on alumino-silicate minerals within the granite and finally, the mica-rich characteristics of the granite itself which increases its structural and chemical susceptibility to subaerial weathering processes by creating points of weakness within the granite. This case study demonstrates how seemingly minor changes in micro-environmental conditions can unintentionally trigger the rapid and extensive deterioration of a previously stable rock type and threaten the long-term future of nationally iconic operational historic structures.

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Marine aerosol and stone decay

Cited by 72 publications

References 1 publication

PAHs and Trace Elements in PM_2.5 at the Venice Lagoon

PAHs and Trace Elements in PM_2.5 at the Venice Lagoon

Outdoor-Indoor Atmospheric Corrosion in a Coastal Wind Farm Located in a Tropical Island

Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish lighthouses: implications for the long-term preservation of operational historic buildings

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Marine aerosol and stone decay

Cited by 72 publications

References 1 publication

PAHs and Trace Elements in PM2.5 at the Venice Lagoon

PAHs and Trace Elements in PM2.5 at the Venice Lagoon

Outdoor-Indoor Atmospheric Corrosion in a Coastal Wind Farm Located in a Tropical Island

Micro-environmental change as a trigger for granite decay in offshore Irish lighthouses: implications for the long-term preservation of operational historic buildings

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PAHs and Trace Elements in PM_2.5 at the Venice Lagoon

PAHs and Trace Elements in PM_2.5 at the Venice Lagoon