Marijuana use trajectories among drug-using youth presenting to an urban emergency department: Violence and social influences

Walton, Maureen A.; Epstein‐Ngo, Quyen; Carter, Patrick M.; Zimmerman, Marc A.; Blow, Frederic C.; Buu, Anne; Goldstick, Jason E.; Cunningham, Rebecca M.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.040

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…8,22–24 Findings have implications for violence prevention. First, similar to research identifying that an assault injury increases the risk for violent injury recidivism, 6 firearm violence, 5 and substance use, 37 findings suggest that it is also a marker for identifying youth at elevated risk for negative criminal justice outcomes. Second, the finding that more than 20% of AIG participants experienced more than one arrest and that a quarter of the participants who were charged with a crime received jail/prison time (less than 6% were sent to a diversionary program) reinforces that once youth are engaged within the justice system, they have an elevated risk of recidivism and negative outcomes that perpetuate the cycle of violence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…3 Assault-related injuries are responsible for 600,000 emergency department (ED) visits among youth annually. 3 In addition to negative health-related outcomes (e.g., substance use, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], fatal injury), 4–6 youth violence has been associated with adverse social consequences, most notably criminal justice involvement. 7,8 Nearly 1.2 million youth were arrested in 2015, with 30% of arrests attributable to substance use, weapon, or violence-related offences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary study objective is to examine rates and characteristics of arrest among drug-using youth (i.e., ages 18–24 years) following ED treatment for assault as compared with a drug-using sample seeking care for other reasons. From prior work 5,6,37 and theory, 34 it is hypothesized that drug-using assault-injured youth will have higher arrest rates and that arrest risk will be associated with potentially modifiable risk factors, including higher severity substance use, mental health, and violence involvement. Results will aid the design of interventions focused on addressing multiple violence-related outcomes, including criminal justice involvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arrests Among High-Risk Youth Following Emergency Department Treatment for an Assault Injury

Carter

Dora‐Laskey

Goldstick

et al. 2018

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Introduction: Violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for youth, with more than 600,000 emergency department visits annually for assault-related injuries. Risk for criminal justice involvement among this population is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize arrests among high-risk assault-injured drug-using youth following emergency department treatment. Methods: Youth (age 18–24 years) with past 6-month drug use who were seeking emergency department treatment for either an assault or for non-violence reasons were enrolled (December 2009–September 2011) in a 2-year longitudinal study. Arrests in the 24 months following the emergency department visit were analyzed in 2016–2017 using survival analysis of objective Law Enforcement Information Network data. Hazard ratios quantifying the association between risk factors for arrest were estimated using Cox regression. Results: In the longitudinal cohort, 511 youth seeking emergency department care (assault injury group=299, comparison group=212) were aged ≥18 years and were included for analysis. Youth in the assault injury group cohort had a 47% higher risk of arrest than the comparison group (38.1% vs 25.9%, RR=1.47, p<0.05). In unadjusted analyses, male sex, assault injury, binge drinking, drug use disorder, and community violence exposure were all associated with increased risk of arrest during the follow-up period. Cox regression identified that male sex (hazard ratio=2.57), drug use disorder diagnosis (hazard ratio=1.42), assault injury at baseline (hazard ratio=1.63), and community violence exposure (hazard ratio=1.35) increased risk for arrest. Conclusions: Drug-using assault-injured youth have high rates of arrest. Emergency department and community interventions addressing substance use and violence involvement may aid in decreasing negative violence and criminal justice outcomes among high-risk youth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arrests Among High-Risk Youth Following Emergency Department Treatment for an Assault Injury

Carter

Dora‐Laskey

Goldstick

et al. 2018

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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“…It should be noted that other analyses from this study have examined trajectories of the study population over the 24-month time period. These analyses include joint trajectories of alcohol use and anxiety/depression symptoms over time, 36 prediction of future firearm violence, 37 trajectories of marijuana use, 38 and predictors of assault re-injury. 25…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking Assault‐injured, Drug‐using Youth in Longitudinal Research: Follow‐up Methods

Roche

Clery

Carter

et al. 2018

Academic Emergency Medicine

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Objectives Violence is one of the leading causes of death among youth ages 14–24. Hospital- and ED-based violence prevention programs are increasingly becoming a critical part of public health efforts; however, evaluation of prevention efforts is needed to create evidence-based best practices. Retention of study participants is key to evaluations, though little literature exists regarding optimizing follow-up methods for violently-injured youth. This study aims to describe the methods for retention in youth violence studies and the characteristics of hard-to-reach participants. Methods The Flint Youth Injury (FYI) Study is a prospective study following a cohort of assault-injured, drug-using youth recruited in an urban ED, and a comparison population of drug-using youth seeking medical or non-violence-related injury care. Validated survey instruments were administered at baseline and four follow-up time points (6, 12, 18, 24 months). Follow-up contacts used a variety of strategies and all attempts were coded by type and level of success. Regression analysis was used to predict contact difficulty and follow-up interview completion at 24 months. Results 599 patients (ages 14–24) were recruited from the ED (mean age=20.1 years, 41.2% female, 58.2% African American), with follow-up rates at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of 85.3%, 83.7%, 84.2%, and 85.3%, respectively. Participant contact efforts ranged from 2 to 53 times per follow-up timeframe to complete a follow-up appointment, and more than 20% of appointments were completed off-site at community locations (e.g., participants’ homes, jail/prison). Participants who were younger (p<.05) and female (p<.01) were more likely to complete their 24-month follow-up interview. Participants who sought care in the ED for assault injury (p<.05) and had a substance use disorder (p<.01) at baseline required fewer contact attempts to complete their 24-month follow-up, while participants reporting a fight within the immediate 3 months before their 24-month follow-up (p<.01) required more intensive contact efforts. Conclusions The FYI study demonstrated that achieving high follow-up rates for a difficult-to-track, violently-injured ED population is feasible through the use of established contact strategies and a variety of interview locations. Results have implications for follow-up strategies planned as part of other violence prevention studies.

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“…Unrelated to the bombings, one of Tamerlan's friends implicated Tsarnaev in the killing of three men whose bodies were found sprinkled with marijuana. Multiple accounts noticed an increase of violent behavior from Dzhokhar for some time leading up to the bombings [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Marijuana Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cases of Marijuana and Violence

Miller

Ipeku

Oberbarnscheidt

2020

IJERPH

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Marijuana is the most consumed illicit drug in the world, with over 192 million users. Due to the current legalization push of marijuana in the United States, there has been a lack of oversight regarding its public health policies, as marijuana advocates downplay the drug's negative effects. This paper's approach is from a public health perspective, focusing specifically on the cases of violence amongst some marijuana users. Here, we present 14 cases of violence with chronic marijuana users that highlight reoccurring consequences of: marijuana induced paranoia (exaggerated, unfounded distrust) and marijuana induced psychosis (radical personality change, loss of contact with reality). When individuals suffering from pre-existing medical conditions use marijuana in an attempt to alleviate their symptoms, ultimately this worsens their conditions over time. Although marijuana effects depend on the individual's endocannabinoid receptors (which control behavioral functions, like aggression) and the potency level of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the drug, scientifically documented links between certain marijuana users and violence do exist. Wider public awareness of the risks and side effects of marijuana, as well as a more prudent health policy, and government agency monitoring of the drug's composition, creation, and distribution, are needed and recommended. of cardiovascular diseases, and deterioration in health for individuals who have pre-existing mental health issues such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, social anxiety, and depression [4][5][6].According to research studies, marijuana use causes aggressive behavior, causes or exacerbates psychosis, and produces paranoia. These effects have been illustrated through case studies of highly publicized incidents and heightened political profiles.These cases contain examples of repeated illustrations of aggression, psychosis and paranoia by marijuana users and intoxication. Ultimately, without the use and intoxication of marijuana, the poor judgment and misperceptions displayed by these individuals would not have been present, reducing the risk for actions that result in senseless deaths. Import to these assertions, is that the current marijuana is far more potent in THC concentrations, the psychoactive component. Accordingly, and demonstrated in direct studies, more potent marijuana results in a greater risk for paranoid thinking and psychosis. In turn, paranoid behavior increases the risk for paranoid behaviors and predictably associated with aggressive and violent behaviors.

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Marijuana use trajectories among drug-using youth presenting to an urban emergency department: Violence and social influences

Cited by 27 publications

References 92 publications

Arrests Among High-Risk Youth Following Emergency Department Treatment for an Assault Injury

Arrests Among High-Risk Youth Following Emergency Department Treatment for an Assault Injury

Tracking Assault‐injured, Drug‐using Youth in Longitudinal Research: Follow‐up Methods

A Review of Cases of Marijuana and Violence

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