Marijuana Use and Related Health Care Encounters in Colorado Before and After Retail Legalization

Vigil, Daniel; Dyke, Mike Van; Hall, Katelyn E.; Contreras, Alexandra Elyse; Ghosh, Tista S.; Wolk, Larry

doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9901-0

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These issues arise independently from and in addition to other direct and indirect putative effects of cannabis legalization, i.e. increases in youth cannabis use which in turn may drive experimentation with other substances, on youth poly-substance use ( Ammerman et al, 2015 ; Cerdá et al, 2018 ; MacCoun & Reuter, 1997 ; Palamar et al, 2014 ; Rusby et al, 2018 ; Stolzenberg et al, 2016 ; Vigil et al, 2018 ; Wang, Hipp, Butts, & Lakon, 2018 ; Weinberger, Platt, Copeland, & Goodwin, 2018 ; Wen et al, 2015 ; Williams & Bretteville-Jensen, 2014 ). Even if cannabis legalization were not itself to drive increased use, the potential for detrimental interactions between higher vaping rates and widely available THC-containing products may be substantial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, e-cigarettes have emerged as a major new concern in public and youth health, with evidence suggesting that use among youth is on the rise ( Government of Canada, 2017 , Government of Canada, 2018 ), and that their co-use with other substances is particularly common ( Barnett, Soule, Forrest, Porter, & Tomar, 2015 ; Giroud et al, 2015 ; Hammond, Reid, Cole, & Leatherdale, 2017 ; National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, 2018 ; Richter, Pugh, Smith, & Ball, 2017 ). The recent legalization of cannabis (October 2018) may further increase the risk of youth poly-substance use, even though its use remains illegal for this age group ( Ammerman, Ryan, & Adelman, 2015 ; MacCoun & Reuter, 1997 ; Palamar, Ompad, & Petkova, 2014 ; Rusby, Westling, Crowley, & Light, 2018 ; Stolzenberg, D'Alessio, & Dariano, 2016 ; Vigil et al, 2018 ; Wen, Hockenberry, & Cummings, 2015 ; Williams & Bretteville-Jensen, 2014 ). Few current policies, programs, or public health initiatives explicitly target youth poly-substance use, despite evidence that their implementation may have beneficial effects ( Akbar et al, 2011 ; Butt, Beirness, Gliksman, Paradis, & Stockwell, 2011 ; Das, Salam, Arshad, Finkelstein, & Bhutta, 2016 ; Fischer et al, 2017 ; Xuan et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends of poly-substance use among Canadian youth

Zuckermann

Williams

Battista

et al. 2019

Addictive Behaviors Reports

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Introduction Poly-substance use, increasingly understood as a behaviour with uniquely adverse consequences, is on the rise among Canadian youth. High levels of e-cigarette vaping and the recent legalization of recreational cannabis use may result in an acceleration of this trend. The aim of this work was to characterise changes in youth poly-substance use over time, generate baseline data for future investigations, and highlight areas of interest for policy action. Methods Descriptive statistics and regression models explored patterns and trends in concurrent use of multiple substances (alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis, and e-cigarettes) among Canadian high school students taking part in the COMPASS prospective cohort study during Y2 (2013/2014; n = 45,298), Y3 (2014/2015, n = 42,355), Y4 (2015/2016; n = 40,436), Y5 (2016/2017; n = 37,060), and Y6 (2017/2018; n = 34,879). Results Poly-substance use increased significantly over time, with over 50% of students who used substance reporting past-year use of multiple substances by 2017/2018. Male and Indigenous students were significantly more likely to report poly-substance use than female and white students respectively. E-cigarette vaping doubled from Y5 to Y6 and was included in all increasingly prevalent substance use combinations. Conclusions Youth poly-substance use, rising since 2012/2013, saw a particularly steep increase after 2016/2017. Differential effects were observed for distinct demographic subpopulations, indicating tailored interventions may be required. E-cigarette vaping surged in parallel with the observed increase, suggesting a key role for this behaviour in shaping youth poly-substance use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of poly-substance use among Canadian youth

Zuckermann

Williams

Battista

et al. 2019

Addictive Behaviors Reports

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“…Cannabis cookies were examined after an informal scan of ICRs revealed cookies to be the most common edible; however, the findings on cannabis cookies may not be indicative of other edibles. Edibles have been associated with an increased risk of adverse events and health‐care interactions due to overconsumption and problems with effective ‘dosing’ . In an effort to address this issue, Canada has set a regulatory precedent by requiring that edible products contain no more than 10 mg of THC in each product .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability, retail price and potency of legal and illegal cannabis in Canada after recreational cannabis legalisation

Mahamad

Wadsworth

Rynard

et al. 2020

Drug and Alcohol Review

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Introduction and Aims. There is little objective market data on the price or potency of legal and illegal cannabis products following recreational cannabis legalisation. Design and Methods. In the 2 months post-legalisation in Canada (November-December 2018), legal and illegal cannabis retailers were identified from government lists and online directories. The store location, price and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol levels of dried herb and cannabis cookies were collected from retailer websites or Weedmaps. Results. We identified 185 legal retailers (22 online stores, 163 storefronts; 65 government-run stores, 120 private stores) and 944 illegal retailers (791 delivery-only services, 157 storefronts). Relative to legal dried herb, illegal dried herb was lower in price (1 g: $10.23 vs. $11.08, In the 2 months post-legalisation, illegal cannabis was less expensive, with higher labelled THC content than legal cannabis, although the scope of these differences was more modest than estimates from other crowdsourced and self-reported data. Direct monitoring of cannabis price and potency from legal and illegal retailers is needed to examine the impact of legalisation over time. [Mahamad S, Wadsworth E, Rynard V, Goodman S, Hammond D. Availability, retail price and potency of legal and illegal cannabis in Canada after recreational cannabis legalisation. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020;39: [337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346]

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“…Some studies have shown that more permissive cannabis laws increase rates of cannabis use among adolescents,10–13 whereas others have reported that they do not 14–18. There is evidence that legalisation can lead to gradual increases in use, more high-frequency use, a drop in the average age at first use and increased use of more potent forms of cannabis 19–26. As Canadian youth already use cannabis at a higher rate than Canadian adults or youth globally, any increase in use prevalence or frequency due to legalisation is cause for concern 7 27 28…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prelegalisation patterns and trends of cannabis use among Canadian youth: results from the COMPASS prospective cohort study

et al. 2019

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ObjectiveCanada federally legalised recreational cannabis use among adults in October 2018. The impact this will have on Canadian youth is cause for concern. The current study examined changes in youth cannabis use over the time prior to legalisation to explore the impact of the beginning federal discourse around legalisation during the 2016/2017 school year.DesignCOMPASS, a prospective cohort study based on annual self-administered questionnaires.SettingOntario and Alberta during the first 6 years of the COMPASS study (2012/2013 to 2017/2018).ParticipantsCanadian grade 9–12 students attending secondary schools participating in COMPASS. In total, 2 30 404 questionnaires were included in the analysis (Y1: 2012/2013, n=24 173; Y2: 2013/2014, n=45 298; Y3: 2014/2015, n=42 355, Y4: 2015/2016, n=40 436; Y5: 2016/2017, n=37 060; Y6: 2017/2018, n=34 897).Primary and secondary outcome measuresLifetime cannabis use, past-year cannabis use, weekly cannabis use, ease of access to cannabis and age at first cannabis use.ResultsCannabis never-use decreased between Y5 and Y6. Changes in age at first cannabis use mirrored this trend, with male students consistently starting younger. Cannabis access rates increased from Y4, mainly led by female students. Lifetime and past-year use rates were lowest in Y4 then increased in Y5 and Y6 due to a rise in the occasional use more common among female students, who reported use increases first. Non-white students were more likely use cannabis, with black and Aboriginal students the only two groups consistently reporting more weekly than occasional use, though with opposing trajectories. Overall, Aboriginal students had the highest odds of reporting lifetime, past-year and weekly use among the demographic groups examined.ConclusionAfter a steady decrease in patterns of cannabis among youth over several years, it appears that there has been a gradual increase in cannabis use among youth following the start of discourse around cannabis legalisation, with some populations of youth being at greater risk.

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Marijuana Use and Related Health Care Encounters in Colorado Before and After Retail Legalization

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Trends of poly-substance use among Canadian youth

Trends of poly-substance use among Canadian youth

Availability, retail price and potency of legal and illegal cannabis in Canada after recreational cannabis legalisation

Prelegalisation patterns and trends of cannabis use among Canadian youth: results from the COMPASS prospective cohort study

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