Marijuana practices and patterns of use among young adult medical marijuana patients and non-patient marijuana users

Lankenau, Stephen E.; Fedorova, Ekaterina V.; Reed, Megan; Schrager, Sheree M.; Iverson, Ellen; Wong, Carolyn F.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.025

Cited by 54 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Some data indicate that adolescents and young adults receive diverted legally-purchased cannabis (Boyd et al, 2015; Lankenau et al, 2017; Salomonsen-Sautel et al, 2012; Thurstone et al, 2011) despite qualifying medical condition or minimum purchase age (21 and up)(Hall and Lynskey, 2016) requirements. States that do not place limits on the number of medical or retail dispensaries permitted may experience a proliferation of dispensaries, and without strict oversight, vaping and edible products may also be directly sold to youth or diverted from adult users to youth users.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth

Borodovsky

Lee

Crosier

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

123

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Background Alternative methods for consuming cannabis (e.g., vaping and edibles) have become more popular in the wake of U.S. cannabis legalization. Specific provisions of legal cannabis laws (LCL) (e.g., dispensary regulations) may impact the likelihood that youth will use alternative methods and the age at which they first try the method - potentially magnifying or mitigating the developmental harms of cannabis use. Methods This study examined associations between LCL provisions and how youth consume cannabis. An online cannabis use survey was distributed using Facebook advertising, and data were collected from 2630 cannabis-using youth (ages 14–18). U.S. states were coded for LCL status and various LCL provisions. Regression analyses tested associations among lifetime use and age of onset of cannabis vaping and edibles and LCL provisions. Results Longer LCL duration (ORvaping: 2.82, 95% CI: 2.24, 3.55; ORedibles: 3.82, 95% CI: 2.96, 4.94), and higher dispensary density (ORvaping: 2.68, 95% CI: 2.12, 3.38; ORedibles: 3.31, 95% CI: 2.56, 4.26), were related to higher likelihood of trying vaping and edibles. Permitting home cultivation was related to higher likelihood (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.50, 2.48) and younger age of onset (β: −0.30, 95% CI: −0.45, −0.15) of edibles. Conclusion Specific provisions of LCL appear to impact the likelihood, and age at which, youth use alternative methods to consume cannabis. These methods may carry differential risks for initiation and escalation of cannabis use. Understanding associations between LCL provisions and methods of administration can inform the design of effective cannabis regulatory strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth

Borodovsky

Lee

Crosier

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

123

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“…Therapeutic reasons and methods of consuming marijuana concentrates are indicative of a pattern of medicinal use that is more regular and frequent. Prior research also suggests that medical users tend to use marijuana more frequently than non-medical users (Lankenau et al, 2017). Besides perceived therapeutic benefits, vape pens also are easier to use and offer greater discretion than other methods, which allows use in more places and contributes to greater likelihood of more frequent use (Jones et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marijuana concentrate use characteristics included the following variables: perceived risk of marijuana concentrate use, reasons of use (therapeutic vs. to get high/experiment only), method of administration (vape pens), and involvement in production (ever made own concentrates). Selection of drug use- related variables for the two multivariable logistic regression analyses was based on prior research on marijuana concentrate and other emerging practices of cannabis use (Lankenau et al, 2017; Lee et al, 2016; Loflin and Earleywine, 2014). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing marijuana concentrate users: A web-based survey

Daniulaityte

Lamy

Barratt

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Aims The study seeks to characterize marijuana concentrate users, describe reasons and patterns of use, perceived risk, and identify predictors of daily/near daily use. Methods An anonymous web-based survey was conducted (April-June 2016) with 673 US-based cannabis users recruited via the Bluelight.org web-forum and included questions about marijuana concentrate use, other drugs, and socio-demographics. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify characteristics associated with greater odds of lifetime and daily use of marijuana concentrates. Results About 66% of respondents reported marijuana concentrate use. The sample was 76% male, and 87% white. Marijuana concentrate use was viewed as riskier than flower cannabis. Greater odds of marijuana concentrate use was associated with living in states with “recreational” (AOR=4.91; p=0.001) or “medical, less restrictive” marijuana policies (AOR=1.87; p=0.014), being male (AOR=2.21, p=0.002), younger (AOR=0.95, p<0.001), number of other drugs used (AOR=1.23, p<0.001), daily herbal cannabis use (AOR=4.28, p<0.001), and lower perceived risk of cannabis use (AOR=0.96, p=0.043). About 13% of marijuana concentrate users reported daily/near daily use. Greater odds of daily concentrate use was associated with being male (AOR=9.29, p=0.033), using concentrates for therapeutic purposes (AOR=7.61, p=0.001), using vape pens for marijuana concentrate administration (AOR=4.58, p=0.007), and lower perceived risk of marijuana concentrate use (AOR=0.92, p=0.017). Conclusions Marijuana concentrate use was more common among male, younger and more experienced users, and those living in states with more liberal marijuana policies. Characteristics of daily users, in particular patterns of therapeutic use and utilization of different vaporization devices, warrant further research with community-recruited samples.

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“…[10] To further complicate matters, the role that synthetic cannabinoids play is not clear, with a growing body of evidence to suggest that not only is their use becoming more popular but also that there are significant toxic effects on brain and behavior. [11] It also seems that exogenous factors play a role in how effective cannabis might be as an antidepressant with its effects being greatest under aversive conditions. [12] Despite the inconclusive nature of the effects of cannabis on mood, there is evidence to suggest that cannabis might be used to control or “self-medicate” for mood disorders including depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cannabis use and subclinical depression on the P3 event-related potential in an emotion processing task

et al. 2017

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The effects of residual cannabis use on emotional expression recognition and the P3 event-related potential in participants who scored highly for subclinical depression were investigated. Comparisons were made between participants who were classified as depressed or nondepressed cannabis users, depressed non-cannabis users and controls who neither used cannabis nor were characterized as being depressed. In an emotional expression recognition task, participants were asked to respond to faces depicting happy, angry, fearful, and neutral faces either implicitly, explicitly, or empathically. Residual cannabis use and mood was shown to modulate the P3 event related potential during the task. There was a significant reduction in the P3 amplitude between depressed and nondepressed participants. Residual cannabis use further reduced the P3 amplitude with the greatest deficits being associated with cannabis users who scored highly for subclinical depression. These effects were greatest for explicit and empathic processing of faces depicting negative emotions. We conclude from our study that cannabis and mood state interact to reduce the amplitude of the P3 which has been associated with attention to emotion.

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Marijuana practices and patterns of use among young adult medical marijuana patients and non-patient marijuana users

Abstract: MMP reported greater access to marijuana via dispensaries, more frequent and intensive use of marijuana, and greater use of non-combustible forms of marijuana compared to NPU. MMP reported less recent misuse of prescription drugs compared to NPU.

Cited by 54 publications

References 47 publications

U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth

U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth

Characterizing marijuana concentrate users: A web-based survey

Effects of cannabis use and subclinical depression on the P3 event-related potential in an emotion processing task

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