Marijuana-based Drugs: Innovative Therapeutics or Designer Drugs of Abuse?

Seely, Kathryn A.; Prather, Paul L.; James, Laura P.; Moran, Jeffery H.

doi:10.1124/mi.11.1.6

Cited by 115 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…When extensively tested, spice products have been found to have one or multiple synthetic cannabinoids, but as expected, not co-existant phytocannabinoids [17]. The phytocannabinoids in marijuana include the major psychoactive component, Δ-9-THC [18], and various non-psychoactive cannabinoids including cannabinol, cannibidiol, and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) [19,20]. Although animal studies have provided conflicting results (proconvulsant and anticonvulsant) on the effect of Δ-9-THC depending on the model used [12], cannabidiol and its derivatives has been found to be consistently anticonvulsant in animal models [12,21,22] and in limited human trials [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convulsions Associated with the Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid Product

2011

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Introduction Clinical presentations following the use of various "spice" or synthetic cannabinoids have included agitation, anxiety, emesis, hallucinations, psychosis, tachycardia, and unresponsiveness. Convulsions were described in a one report although there was not laboratory confirmation for synthetic cannabinoids. In another published report laboratory confirmation for a synthetic cannabinoid was done in which the patient manifested activity that was interpreted as a possible convulsion. Case Report We describe a patient who had two witnessed generalized convulsions soon after smoking a "spice" product that we later confirmed to have four different synthetic cannabinoids. Discussion Convulsions have only rarely been associated with marijuana exposures. Recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids is a very recent phenomenon and there is a very limited, albeit burgeoning, literature detailing the associated complications including convulsions we have reported here. The absence of anticonvulsant phytocannabinoids in spice products could potentially be one of multiple unknown mechanisms contributing to convulsions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convulsions Associated with the Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid Product

2011

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“…neuromodulators and have effects on motor learning, appetite, pain, emotions, synaptic transmission, memory, immune system, autonomic nervous system and microcirculation (7). Unlike endocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists with increased potency (3,6). They have a longer duration of action and their side effects are evident.…”

Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Case Report

Demirci¹,

Cosar²,

Çiftçi³

et al. 2015

Balkan Med J

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“…To repeat, during adolescence a number of areas of the brain are undergoing developmental changes with higher levels of novelty and sensation-seeking considered a common feature of adolescence [74]. Because presynaptic CB1 cannabinoid receptors have been discovered at serotoninergic, noradrenergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic synapses in many areas of the brain [68,[70][71][72][73][75][76][77][78][79] including those critical for accurate responses and memory processes [5], these abused synthetic cannabinoids should be examined in greater detail. Doing so may further define the specific consequences associated with adolescent use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Exposure of JWH-018 “Spice” Produces Subtle Effects on Learning and Memory Performance in Adulthood

Compton¹,

Seeds²,

Pottash³

et al. 2012

JBBS

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The active components associated with the bio-designer drugs known variously as "Spice" or "K2" have rapidly gained in popularity among recreational users, forcing the United States Drug Enforcement Administration to classify these compounds as Schedule I drugs in the Spring of 2011. However, although there is some information about many of the synthetic cannabinoids used in Spice products, little is known about the consequences of the main constituent, (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole; JWH-018), on neuropsychological development or behavior. In the present experiment, adolescent rats were given repeated injections of either saline or 100 μg/kg of JWH-018. Once the animals were 75 days of age, they were trained using tasks with spatial components of various levels of difficulty and a spatial learning set task. On early trials with water maze tasks of varying difficulty, the JWH-018 treated rats were impaired relative to controls. However, by the end of each phase of testing, drug and control animals were comparable, although on probe trials the drug-treated animals spent significantly less time in the target quadrant. In addition, the performance of the drug-treated rats was inferior to that of the control animals on a learning set task, suggesting some difficulty in adapting their responses to changing task demands. The results suggest that chronic exposure to this potent cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist during adolescence is capable of producing a variety of subtle changes affecting spatial learning and memory performance in adulthood, well after the drug exposure period.

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Marijuana-based Drugs: Innovative Therapeutics or Designer Drugs of Abuse?

Cited by 115 publications

References 109 publications

Convulsions Associated with the Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid Product

Convulsions Associated with the Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid Product

Atypical Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Case Report

Adolescent Exposure of JWH-018 “Spice” Produces Subtle Effects on Learning and Memory Performance in Adulthood

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