Marijuana and cocaine interactions in humans: Cardiovascular consequences

Foltin, Richard W.; Fischman, Marian W.; Pedroso, Julia J.; Pearlson, Godfrey D.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(87)90506-5

Cited by 80 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Marijuana was administered using a cued-smoking procedure (Foltin et al, 1987). Colored lights mounted on the ceiling of the recreation area signaled 'light the cigarette' (30 sec), 'get ready' (5 sec), 'inhale' (5 sec), 'hold smoke in lungs' (10 sec) and 'exhale.'…”

Section: Marijuana Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

et al. 2007

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Individuals seeking treatment for their marijuana use rarely achieve sustained abstinence.Objectives-To determine if THC, a cannabinoid agonist, and lofexidine, an α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist, given alone and in combination, decreased symptoms of marijuana withdrawal and relapse, defined as a return to marijuana use after a period of abstinence.Methods-Nontreatment-seeking, male volunteers (n=8), averaging 12 marijuana cigarettes/day, were maintained on each of four medication conditions for 7 days: placebo, THC (60 mg/day), lofexidine (2.4 mg/day), and THC (60 mg/day) combined with lofexidine (2.4 mg/day); each inpatient phase was separated by an outpatient washout phase. During the first 3 inpatient days, placebo marijuana was available for self-administration (withdrawal). For the next 4 days, active marijuana was available for self-administration (relapse). Participants paid for self-administered marijuana using study earnings. Self-administration, mood, task performance, food intake and sleep were measured.Results-THC reversed the anorexia and weight loss associated with marijuana withdrawal, and decreased a subset of withdrawal symptoms, but increased sleep onset latency, and did not decrease marijuana relapse. Lofexidine was sedating, worsened abstinence-related anorexia, and did not robustly attenuate withdrawal, but improved sleep and decreased marijuana relapse. The combination of lofexidine and THC produced the most robust improvements in sleep, and decreased marijuana withdrawal, craving and relapse in daily marijuana smokers relative to either medication alone.Conclusions-These data suggest the combination of lofexidine and THC warrant further testing as a potential treatment for marijuana dependence. KeywordsMarinol; Britlofex; dependence; withdrawal; treatment; cannabinoid; norepinephrine Marijuana use is prevalent in American society, and the number of individuals who currently meet DSM-IV criteria for cannabis abuse or dependence has steadily increased since the 1990s (Compton et al., 2004). Although marijuana is less likely to produce dependence than drugs such as nicotine, alcohol or heroin (Anthony et al., 1994), the sheer number of marijuana smokers combined with the increasing potency of marijuana has NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript Psychopharmacology (Berl). Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 June 12.Published in final edited form as:Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 March ; 197(1): 157-168. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1020-8. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript resulted in a significant number of individuals developing cannabis use disorders, i.e., approximately 1.5% of the U.S. population (Compton et al., 2004).A number of studies have demonstrated that there is a personal (i.e., not court-mandated) demand for marijuana treatment, particularly when marijuana-specific treatment programs are offered (Roffman et al., 1988;Stephens et al., 1993;Lang et al., 2000). Treatmentseekers report distress about their marijuana use, and repeatedly ...

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Section: Marijuana Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

et al. 2007

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“…Marijuana was administered using a cued-smoking procedure, which has been shown to produce reliable increases in heart-rate and plasma levels of THC (Foltin et al 1987). Colored lights (mounted on the ceiling of the recreation area) signaled "light the cigarette" (30 s), "get ready" (5 s), "inhale" (5 s), "hold smoke in lungs" (10 s) and "exhale".…”

Section: Marijuana Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nefazodone decreases anxiety during marijuana withdrawal in humans

et al. 2003

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“…Marijuana was administered using a cued-smoking procedure, which has been shown to produce reliable increases in heart-rate and plasma levels of 9 -THC (Foltin et al 1987). Colored lights (mounted on the ceiling of the social area) signalled "light the cigarette" (30 s), "get ready" (5 s), "inhale" (5 s), "hold smoke in lungs" (10 s) and "exhale".…”

Section: Marijuana Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans

et al. 1999

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Symptoms of withdrawal after oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration have been reported, yet little is known about the development of dependence on smoked marijuana in humans. In a 21-day residential study, marijuana smokers (n = 12) worked on five psychomotor tasks during the day (0915-1700 hours), and in the evening engaged in recreational activities (1700-2330 hours); subjective-effects measures were completed 10 times/day. Food and beverages were available ad libitum from 0830 to 2330 hours. Marijuana cigarettes (0.0, 1.8, 3.1% THC) were smoked at 1000, 1400, 1800, and 2200 hours. Placebo marijuana was administered on days 1-4 . One of the active marijuana doses was administered on days 5-8, followed by 4 days of placebo marijuana (days 9-12). The other concentration of active marijuana cigarettes was administered on days 13-16, followed by 4 days of placebo marijuana (days 17-20); the order in which the high and low THC-concentration marijuana cigarettes were administered was counter-balanced between groups. Both active doses of marijuana increased ratings of "High," and "Good Drug Effect," and increased food intake, while decreasing verbal interaction compared to the placebo baseline (days 1-4). Abstinence from active marijuana increased ratings such as "Anxious," "Irritable," and "Stomach pain," and significantly decreased food intake compared to baseline. This empirical demonstration of withdrawal from smoked marijuana may suggest that daily marijuana use may be maintained, at least in part, by the alleviation of abstinence symptoms.

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Marijuana and cocaine interactions in humans: Cardiovascular consequences

Cited by 80 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse

Nefazodone decreases anxiety during marijuana withdrawal in humans

Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans

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