Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance

Ramaekers, Johannes G.; Robbe, H.w.j.; O’Hanlon, John

doi:10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::aid-hup236>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 263 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The number of puffs and time between puffs were standardized. Blood for THC and THCCOOH assays was drawn from an indwelling venous catheter in the arm 120 and 5 min before cannabis smoking and at 2,5,10,15,20,25,30,50,70,90,110, and 235 min after the start of smoking. Heparinized plasma was stored at Ϫ20°C until analysis.…”

Section: Materials and Methods Participants And Study Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Time of Last Cannabis Use from Plasma Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations

Huestis

Barnes

Smith³

2005

Clinical Chemistry

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Background: Knowing the time cannabis was last used is important for determining impairment in accident investigations and clinical evaluations. Two models for predicting time of last cannabis use from single plasma cannabinoid concentrations-model I, using ⌬ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and model II, using the concentration ratio of 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) to THC-were developed and validated from controlled drug administration studies. Objectives of the current study were to extend the validation by use of a large number of plasma samples collected after administration of single and multiple doses of THC and to examine the effectiveness of the models at low plasma cannabinoid concentrations. Methods: Thirty-eight cannabis users each smoked a 2.64% THC cigarette in the morning, and 30 also smoked a second cigarette in the afternoon. Blood samples (n ‫؍‬ 717) were collected at intervals after smoking, and plasma THC and THCCOOH concentrations measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Predicted times of cannabis smoking, based on each model, were compared with actual smoking times. Results: The most accurate approach applied a combination of models I and II. For all 717 plasma samples, 99% of predicted times of last use were within the 95% confidence interval, 0.9% were overestimated, and none were underestimated. For 289 plasma samples collected after multiple doses, 97% were correct with no underestimates. All time estimates were correct for 76 plasma

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Section: Materials and Methods Participants And Study Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Time of Last Cannabis Use from Plasma Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations

Huestis

Barnes

Smith³

2005

Clinical Chemistry

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“…Marijuana related impairment was disproportionately higher in psychomotor testing than in real world performance. Eight years later, the same group of researchers studied the driver impairment effects of marijuana and alcohol separately, and in combination, during normal traffic [51]. Subjects were given THC doses of 0, 100, and 200 μg/kg, with and without an alcohol dose sufficient for achieving blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 0.04 g/dL.…”

Section: Driver Simulation Studies and Actual Driving Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Marijuana and Driving: a Review

et al. 2014

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Medical marijuana remains a highly debated treatment regimen despite removal of state penalties against care providers prescribing the drug and patients treated with the drug in many areas of the USA. The utility of marijuana in specific medical conditions has been studied at length, but its effects on driving performance and risk of motor vehicle collision remain unclear. As with other medications that affect psychomotor function, the healthcare provider should be informed of the potential risks of driver safety prior to prescribing this psychotropic drug to give appropriate anticipatory guidance for appropriate use. The goal of this narrative review is to assess the current literature regarding marijuana as it relates to driving performance and traffic safety. With a foundation in the pharmacology of cannabinoids, we consider the limitations of testing cannabinoid and metabolite concentration. In addition, we will review studies on driving performance and epidemiological studies implicating marijuana in motor vehicle collisions. The increasing prevalence of medical marijuana laws in the USA suggests that clinicians should be aware of marijuana's influence on public safety. Patients should abstain from driving for 8 h if they achieve a subjective "high" from self-treatment with smoked marijuana and should be aware of the cumulative effects of alcohol and other psychoactive xenobiotics.

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“…The relevant laboratory studies that have been conducted have uniformly focused on performance under driving or flying simulations. These experiments demonstrated that acute marijuana administration impairs performance, and such impairments may be related to both psychomotor function and increased risky maneuvers/ decision making (Hansteen et al, 1976;Janowsky et al, 1976;Liguori et al, 1998Liguori et al, , 2002Ramaekers et al, 2000). Laboratory studies have revealed acute marijuana effects on behaviors, which may be related to risk taking, such as aggression (Cherek et al, 1993), impulsivity as measured by the ability to inhibit a signaled, rapid response pattern (McDonald et al, 2003), and complex decision making (Schaefer et al, 1977;Curran et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

Lane

Cherek

Tcheremissine

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

148

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Previous studies have established a relationship between marijuana use and risky behavior in natural settings. A limited number of laboratory investigations of marijuana effects on human risk taking have been conducted. The present study was designed to examine the acute effects of smoked marijuana on human risk taking, and to identify behavioral mechanisms that may be involved in drug-induced changes in the probability of risky behavior. Using a laboratory measure of risk taking designed to address acute drug effects, 10 adults were administered placebo cigarettes and three doses of active marijuana cigarettes (half placebo and half 1.77%; 1.77%; and 3.58% D 9 -THC) in a within-subject repeated-measures experimental design. The risk-taking task presented subjects with a choice between two response options operationally defined as risky and nonrisky. Data analyses examined cardiovascular and subjective effects, response rates, distribution of choices between the risky and nonrisky option, and first-order transition probabilities of trial-by-trial data. The 3.58% THC dose increased selection of the risky response option, and uniquely shifted response probabilities following both winning and losing outcomes following selection of the risky option. Acute marijuana administration thereby produced measurable changes in risky decision making under laboratory conditions. Consistent with previous risk-taking studies, shifts in trial-by-trial response probabilities at the highest dose suggested a change in sensitivity to both reinforced and losing risky outcomes. Altered sensitivity to consequences may be a mechanism in drug-induced changes in risk taking. Possible neurobiological sites of action related to THC are discussed. Neuropsychopharmacology (2005) 30, 800-809.

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Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance

Cited by 263 publications

References 15 publications

Estimating the Time of Last Cannabis Use from Plasma Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations

Estimating the Time of Last Cannabis Use from Plasma Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations

Medical Marijuana and Driving: a Review

Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

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