Marginalization and Societal Isolation faced by The Third-Gender Community (Hijra) in Bangladesh

Abstract

In Bangladesh, third-gender persons (Hijra) who claim to be neither male nor female are socially avoided and face extensive marginalisation across social, political, and economic spheres, enduring severe societal stigmatization. This study aims to comprehensively analyse and present the pervasive stigma, prejudice, and exclusionary practices directed at the Hijra community in Bangladesh. The primary objective is to shed light on the social, economic, and cultural disparities faced by this minority group, focusing on their income, education, health, housing, and social relationships. The study employs a critical literature review methodology to gather and synthesize existing data, scholarly articles, and reports pertaining to the socio-economic status and societal treatment of the Hijra community in Bangladesh. The study underscores the magnitude of societal isolation encountered by this minority group, stemming from entrenched socio-cultural norms. The study finds that Hijras endure profound mistreatment and exclusion across social, cultural, political, and economic domains, leading to distinct livelihoods predominantly reliant on begging and prostitution. They face systemic barriers, lack access to civil society participation, and encounter unwarranted fear in public spaces. Additionally, they suffer from physical and psychological abuse, lacking the necessary medical and social support. Their exclusion extends to government facilities, contributing to their disadvantaged lifestyles. Addressing this issue necessitates granting them social recognition and financial independence, crucial steps towards mitigating discrimination against the third-gender population. Both governmental bodies and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) must prioritise safeguarding the rights of the Hijra community, ensuring their inclusion in society, and access to essential services, healthcare, and employment opportunities.