“…Ko affects water flows and other hydrological and biogeochemical processes, including questions about how human-induced changes may affect the ecological balance. However, characterization of Ko covering extensive areas is expensive, long time consuming and complex, especially due to its high spatial variability, as reported in several studies (Bevington et al, 2016;Gwenzi et al, 2011;Jačka et al, 2016Jačka et al, , 2018Kurnianto et al, 2019;Moustafa, 2000;Papanicolaou et al, 2015;Rienzner;Gandolfi, 2014;Ronayne;Houghton;Stednick, 2012;Wang et al, 2018a;Zimmermann;Elsenbeer, 2008). This high spatial variability of Ko occurs due to different extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including geomorphic surface, weather, land-use and management, soil structure, soil granulometric distribution and bulk density (Sobieraj et al, 2002;Pachepsky et al, 2008;Zimmermann et al, 2013).…”