“…The primary sources of air pollution are fossil combustion, diesel vehicle usage, and household and industrial activity, etc., all of which are closely related to urbanization and industrialization processes [19]. For this reason, recent academic discussions on air pollution have been carried out in the context of urbanization, covering topics such as spatiotemporal characteristics [20][21][22], driving factors [23][24][25], and associated risk stress [26][27][28]. On the whole, findings of these studies affirmed the pivotal contribution of urban development on local, regional, or even global atmospheric environment deterioration, especially in developing nations or regions undergoing dramatic The process of urbanization, while bringing about a great accumulation of population, wealth, architecture, technology, and other resources, will also exert negative externalities on itself and surrounding regions and induce serious eco-environmental crises [1,15].…”