Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan

Bzdak, Adam; Esumi, S.; Koch, Volker; Liao, Jinfeng; Stephanov, Mikhail; Xu, N.

doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005

Cited by 425 publications

(348 citation statements)

References 400 publications

(765 reference statements)

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“…(We note in passing that these estimates are in consistency with chemical freeze-out conditions extracted via thermal models, see e.g. 63,64 .) The charge density in the fireball also strongly depends on time due to the fireball expansion and is significantly larger at earlier time.…”

Section: New Mechanism For Magnetic Field In Heavy Ion Collisionssupporting

confidence: 69%

Spin Hydrodynamic Generation in the Charged Subatomic Swirl

Guo

Liao

Wang

2020

Sci Rep

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Recently there have been significant interests in the spin hydrodynamic generation phenomenon from multiple disciplines of physics. Such phenomenon arises from global polarization effect of microscopic spin by macroscopic fluid rotation and is expected to occur in the hot quark-gluon fluid (the "subatomic swirl") created in relativistic nuclear collisions. This was indeed discovered in experiments which however revealed an intriguing puzzle: a polarization difference between particles and anti-particles. We suggest a novel application of a general connection between rotation and magnetic field: a magnetic field naturally arises along the fluid vorticity in the charged subatomic swirl. We establish this mechanism as a new way for generating long-lived in-medium magnetic field in heavy ion collisions. Due to its novel feature, this new magnetic field provides a nontrivial explanation to the puzzling observation of a difference in spin hydrodynamic generation for particles and anti-particles in heavy ion collisions.

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Section: New Mechanism For Magnetic Field In Heavy Ion Collisionssupporting

confidence: 69%

Spin Hydrodynamic Generation in the Charged Subatomic Swirl

Guo

Liao

Wang

2020

Sci Rep

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“…For the Gaussian models with S(k, ω) given in Eq. (16) this amounts to S(k, t) = S(k) exp (−t/τ k ) (27) in the continuum limit, where the static structure factor S(k) is given by Eqs. (18) or (19) and the inverse relaxation time reads…”

Section: A Dynamic Structure Factor and Relaxation Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…the baryo-chemical potential µ B 0, and the transition to hadronic matter is a crossover as demonstrated by lattice QCD calculations [23]. As the beam energy is lowered, the phase diagram of QCD can be probed at finite net-baryon density [24][25][26][27][28]. An especially interesting region in the phase diagram is associated with the conjectured critical point beyond which the transition to hadronic matter turns into a first-order phase transition [29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusive dynamics of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point

et al. 2019

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A quantitatively reliable theoretical description of the dynamics of fluctuations in non-equilibrium is indispensable in the experimental search for the QCD critical point by means of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In this work we consider the fluctuations of the net-baryon density which becomes the slow, critical mode near the critical point. Due to net-baryon number conservation the dynamics is described by the fluid dynamical diffusion equation, which we extend to contain a white noise stochastic current. Including nonlinear couplings from the 3d Ising model universality class in the free energy functional, we solve the fully interacting theory in a finite size system. We observe that purely Gaussian white noise generates non-Gaussian fluctuations, but finite size effects and exact net-baryon number conservation lead to significant deviations from the expected behavior in equilibrated systems. In particular the skewness shows a qualitative deviation from infinite volume expectations. With this benchmark established we study the real-time dynamics of the fluctuations. We recover the expected dynamical scaling behavior and observe retardation effects and the impact of critical slowing down near the pseudo-critical temperature.

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“…The stout smearing improvement is a standard technique used to ameliorate the systematics related to the effects of finite lattice spacing and reduce taste symmetry violations [31]. Following similar approaches [9, 24-27, 32, 33], we use the rooting procedure in the partition function (5) in order to remove a residual, fourth degeneracy of the lattice Dirac operator (7).…”

Section: B Lattice Partition Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is expected that the chemical freeze-out of the expanding quarkgluon plasma takes place right after the completion of the (re)hadronization process, so that the chemical freezeout temperatures of a generic QGP fireball lies below the pseudo-critical temperature curve (1). The observed momenta of hadrons provide more details on the thermal freeze-out stage that happen at later stages after the chemical freeze-out [5]. The chemical freeze-out temperature may well be described by a polynomial fit similar to the crossover temperature (1) [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite-density QCD transition in a magnetic background field

et al. 2019

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Using numerical simulations of lattice QCD with physical quark masses, we reveal the influence of magnetic-field background on chiral and deconfinement crossovers in finite-temperature QCD at low baryonic density. In the absence of thermodynamic singularity, we identify these transitions with inflection points of the approximate order parameters: normalized light-quark condensate and renormalized Polyakov loop, respectively. We show that the quadratic curvature of the chiral transition temperature in the "temperature-chemical potential" plane depends rather weakly on the strength of the background magnetic field. At weak magnetic fields, the thermal width of the chiral crossover gets narrower as the density of the baryon matter increases, possibly indicating a proximity to a real thermodynamic phase transition. Remarkably, the curvature of the chiral thermal width flips its sign at eB fl 0.6 GeV 2 , so that above the flipping point B > B fl , the chiral width gets wider as the baryon density increases. Approximately at the same strength of magnetic field, the chiral and deconfining crossovers merge together at T ≈ 140 MeV. The phase diagram in the parameter space "temperature-chemical potential-magnetic field" is outlined, and single-quark entropy and single-quark magnetization are explored. The curvature of the chiral thermal width allows us to estimate an approximate position of the chiral critical endpoint at zero magnetic field: (T CEP c , µ CEP B ) = (100(25) MeV, 800(140) MeV).

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Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan

Cited by 425 publications

References 400 publications

Spin Hydrodynamic Generation in the Charged Subatomic Swirl

Spin Hydrodynamic Generation in the Charged Subatomic Swirl

Diffusive dynamics of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point

Finite-density QCD transition in a magnetic background field

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