Mapping the Perceptual Grain of the Human Retina

Harmening, Wolf M.; Tuten, William S.; Roorda, Austin; Sincich, Lawrence C.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5191-13.2014

Cited by 89 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The details of AOSLO stimulation procedures have been described elsewhere [6,8,12,13]. Briefly, a focused beam scans across the retina creating a square field in which visible stimuli can be created (retinal display).…”

Section: Temporal Alignment and Aoslo Micro Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With recent advances in high-resolution ophthalmoscopy, the retinal photoreceptor mosaic can be resolved and imaged in the living subject, opening the door to assess the retina's structural as well as its functional architecture in vivo [1][2][3]. In particular, the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) is an optical platform that can deliver light to targeted retinal areas with microscopic precision, enabling physiological and psychophysical visual function testing on a cellular scale [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At higher eccentricities, on the other hand, visual stimuli are not bright enough to trigger perception. Moreover, high background light intensities will saturate rods, making it impossible to assess them psychophysically [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultra-high contrast retinal display system for single photoreceptor psychophysics

Domdei¹,

Domdei²,

Reiniger³

et al. 2017

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Due to the enormous dynamic range of human photoreceptors in response to light, studying their visual function in the intact retina challenges the stimulation hardware, specifically with regard to the displayable luminance contrast. The adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) is an optical platform that focuses light to extremely small retinal extents, approaching the size of single photoreceptor cells. However, the current light modulation techniques produce spurious visible backgrounds which fundamentally limit experimental options. To remove unwanted background light and to improve contrast for high dynamic range visual stimulation in an AOSLO, we cascaded two commercial fiber-coupled acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) and measured their combined optical contrast. By compensating for zero-point differences in the individual AOMs, we demonstrate a multiplicative extinction ratio in the cascade that was in accordance with the extinction ratios of both single AOMs. When latency differences in the AOM response functions were individually corrected, single switch events as short as 50 ns with radiant power contrasts up to 1:10 10 were achieved. This is the highest visual contrast reported for any display system so far. We show psychophysically that this contrast ratio is sufficient to stimulate single foveal photoreceptor cells with small and bright enough visible targets that do not contain a detectable background. Background-free stimulation will enable photoreceptor testing with custom adaptation lights. Furthermore, a larger dynamic range in displayable light levels can drive photoreceptor responses in cones as well as in rods.

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Section: Temporal Alignment and Aoslo Micro Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ultra-high contrast retinal display system for single photoreceptor psychophysics

Domdei¹,

Domdei²,

Reiniger³

et al. 2017

Biomed. Opt. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recent advances in the design of AOSLO systems have showcased the resolution capabilities of the system by resolving both foveal cones and rods in the human retina [3,4]. Apart from its imaging capabilities, the AOSLO system has the capacity to stimulate single cone photoreceptors for microperimetry [5][6][7], and monitor retinal disease progression and treatment over time [8]. While the uses of the AOSLO for these tasks are becoming more prevalent in both basic research and the clinic, one major disadvantage remains when using a system at such a fine scale: eye motion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ability to record high-fidelity, high-resolution videos or images and to deliver light to targeted locations on the retina is hindered by these eye movements. Online tracking achieved through the recording of eye motion from an AOSLO video alone [10] has been previously effective for anesthetized monkeys [7] and trained psychophysical observers with normal vision [5,6]. However, only one publication reports the use of online tracking for targeted visual function testing in patients with eye disease [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active eye-tracking for an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope

Sheehy

Tiruveedhula

Sabesan

et al. 2015

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Abstract:We demonstrate a system that combines a tracking scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TSLO) and an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) system resulting in both optical (hardware) and digital (software) eye-tracking capabilities. The hybrid system employs the TSLO for active eye-tracking at a rate up to 960 Hz for real-time stabilization of the AOSLO system. AOSLO videos with active eyetracking signals showed, at most, an amplitude of motion of 0.20 arcminutes for horizontal motion and 0.14 arcminutes for vertical motion. Subsequent real-time digital stabilization limited residual motion to an average of only 0.06 arcminutes (a 95% reduction). By correcting for high amplitude, low frequency drifts of the eye, the active TSLO eye-tracking system enabled the AOSLO system to capture high-resolution retinal images over a larger range of motion than previously possible with just the AOSLO imaging system alone.

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Short-term Assessment of Subfoveal Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated hCHM Gene Augmentation in Choroideremia Using Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy

Morgan

Vergilio

et al. 2022

JAMA Ophthalmol

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Subretinal injection for gene augmentation in retinal degenerations forcefully detaches the neural retina from the retinal pigment epithelium, potentially damaging photoreceptors and/or retinal pigment epithelium cells. OBJECTIVE To use adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) to assess the short-term integrity of the cone mosaic following subretinal injections of adeno-associated virus vector designed to deliver a functional version of the CHM gene (AAV2-hCHM) in patients with choroideremia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis longitudinal case series study enrolled adult patients with choroideremia from February 2015 to January 2016 in the US. To be included in the study, study participants must have received uniocular subfoveal injections of low-dose (5 × 10 10 vector genome per eye) or high-dose (1 × 10 11 vector genome per eye) AAV2-hCHM. Analysis began February 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe macular regions of both eyes were imaged before and 1 month after injection using a custom-built multimodal AOSLO. Postinjection cone inner segment mosaics were compared with preinjection mosaics at multiple regions of interest. Colocalized spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and dark-adapted cone sensitivity was also acquired at each time point. RESULTSNine study participants ranged in age from 26 to 50 years at the time of enrollment, and all were White men. Postinjection AOSLO images showed preservation of the cone mosaic in all 9 AAV2-hCHM-injected eyes. Mosaics appeared intact and contiguous 1 month postinjection, with the exception of foveal disruption in 1 patient. Optical coherence tomography showed foveal cone outer segment shortening postinjection. Cone-mediated sensitivities were unchanged in 8 of 9 injected and 9 of 9 uninjected eyes. One participant showed acute loss of foveal optical coherence tomography cone outer segment-related signals along with cone sensitivity loss that colocalized with disruption of the mosaic on AOSLO.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Integrity of the cone mosaic is maintained following subretinal delivery of AAV2-hCHM, providing strong evidence in support of the safety of the injections. Minor foveal thinning observed following surgery corresponds with short-term cone outer segment shortening rather than cone cell loss. Foveal cone loss in 1 participant raises the possibility of individual vulnerability to the subretinal injection.

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Mapping the Perceptual Grain of the Human Retina

Cited by 89 publications

References 69 publications

Ultra-high contrast retinal display system for single photoreceptor psychophysics

Ultra-high contrast retinal display system for single photoreceptor psychophysics

Active eye-tracking for an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope

Short-term Assessment of Subfoveal Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated hCHM Gene Augmentation in Choroideremia Using Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy

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