Mapping the global flow of tungsten to identify key material efficiency and supply security opportunities

Resources Sustainability through Material Efficiency Strategies: An Insight Study of Electrical and Electronic Companies

“…Some of the common activities to improve the product yield during manufacturing operations are to minimize the product testing, reduce the trimmed material to be scrapped, and reduce materials to be reprocessed [13,28,30,51]. In addition, for recovering the generated solid waste along the production, a by-product recycling strategy should be introduced, especially for recyclable materials, such as metals and powder scraps [30,52,53]. By-product recycling must be supported by the available recycling facilities in addition to the infrastructure of the company [53].…”

Modelling Global Wolfram Mining, Secondary Extraction, Supply, Stocks-in-Society, Recycling, Market Price and Resources, Using the WORLD6 System Dynamics Model

“…To put this together, a number of literature sources were consulted. We used extraction information and reserves and resources estimates from Andrews (1955), Chicharro et al (2014), Crowson (2011), Dalnedra Vostok (2016), Heinberg (2001), Hughes (1990), International Business Publications (2013), Kesler and Wilkinson (2013a, b), Nassar et al (2012), Ludington and Plumlee (2009), Lifton (2006), Lehmann et al (2014), Kravchenko and Pokrovsky (1995), Leal-Ayala et al (2015), Lele and Bhardwaj (2014), Mudd and Jowitt (2014), Mudd (2009), Nassar et al (2012, Nickless et al (2014), Nuss and Eckelmann (2014), Polyak (2011), Sverdrup et al (2013), Schubert and Lassner (2010), Seddon (2013), Shedd (2003, Shiyu (1991), Ragnarsdottir (2013, 2014a, b), Tilton and Lagos (2007), UNEP (2011aUNEP ( , b, c, 2013a, Visser (2002), Vulcan (2013), Walser (2002), Woodcock and Hamilton (1993), USGS (2009USGS ( , 2015. There are a number of sources available for reserves, most of which have been summarized by the United States Geological Survey in their yearbooks (USGS 2015, it is freely available on the internet).…”

Ausgangsbedingungen und Verfahren für das Recycling von Wolframkarbid-Verbundwerkstoffen

“…Dieser wurde in den 1970er-Jahren entwickelt (Barnard et al 1969) (Kojima et al 2005), H3PO4 (Shwayder 1969), H2SO4 (Kojima et al 2005) bzw. Essigsäure (Edtmaier et al 2005) aber auch NH4OH (Shwayder 1972 Bei den elektrochemischen Techniken kommen neben sauren Elektrolyten, wie beispielsweise HNO3 (Lin et al 1996), H3PO4 (Ghandehari 1980), Essigsäure (Ghandehari 1980), HCl (Lin und Lee 1995) und H2SO4 (Paul et al 1985), auch basische wie etwa ammoniakalische Lösungen (Vadasdy et al 1986) sowie NaOH oder KOH (Vanderpool 1983 Kücher et al (2017aKücher et al ( , 2017b …”