Mapping Structural Brain Alterations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Pujol, Jesús; Soriano‐Mas, Carles; Alonso, Pino; Cardoner, Narcı́s; Menchón, José M.; Deus, Joan; Vallejo, Julio

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.720

Cited by 377 publications

(349 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…6 The importance of such investigation is reinforced by studies that described considerable differences in neuroimaging results for different OCD symptom dimensions. 74,75 In summary, gender may be a relevant factor to determine OCD clinical presentation and course, and may be considered to define more homogeneous subgroups. Although the reasons why OCD presentation differs between genders are not clear, one may speculate that they result from both biological and psychosocial influences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review

Mathis

Alvarenga

Funaro

et al. 2011

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

146

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Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition, in which subtypes have been proposed. Previous studies suggested that gender plays a relevant role in OCD phenotypic expression. This study aimed to review the literature on gender differences in clinical, genetic or familial aspects of OCD. Method: A conventional review was conducted, including all papers that investigated demographic, clinical, and genetic aspects of OCD according to gender. The search was based on data available in Medline and PsycINFO databases in the last 20 years, using as keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder; and: gender, sex, male, female, demographic characteristics, clinical features, clinical characteristics, genetic, genes, genetics gender OCD, genes OCD, genes OCD males, genes OCD females. Results: Sixty three of 487 phenotypical and genetics studies were selected. Most studies indicate that male patients are more likely than females to be single, present early onset of symptoms and chronic course of the disorder, greater social impairment, more sexual-religious and aggressive symptoms, and greater comorbidity with tic and substance use disorders. Female patients present more contamination/cleaning symptoms and greater comorbidity with eating and impulse-control disorders. Genetic and family studies are inconclusive, but suggest that gender may play a role in the disease expression. Conclusions: Gender is a relevant factor that should be taken into account when evaluating OCD patients. More studies are necessary to determine whether in fact it defines a homogeneous and particular group in OCD. ©2011 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved. Gender differences in obsessive- DesCRIPToRs:Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Gender identity; Sex; Phenotype; Genetics. ReVIeW ARTICLe 391Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review Diferenças de gênero no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: uma revisão da literatura ResumoIntrodução: O transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) é um quadro heterogêneo, no qual subtipos têm sido propostos. Estudos anteriores sugerem que gênero desempenha papel relevante na expressão fenotípica. O objetivo foi realizar uma revisão convencional da literatura sobre diferenças de gênero em relação a aspectos clínicos e genéticos ou familiares do TOC. Método: Realizou-se uma revisão convencional da literatura incluindo todos os artigos que investigaram aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos e genéticos do TOC, de acordo com o gênero. A pesquisa foi baseada em publicações disponíveis nas bases de dados Medline e PsycInfo nos últimos 20 anos, usando como palavras-chave: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), e: gender, sex, male, female, demographic characteristics, clinical features, clinical characteristics, genetic, genes, genetics gender OCD, genes OCD, genes OCD males, genes OCD females. Resultado: Sessenta e três artigos de fenótipo e genética foram selecionados. Na maioria dos estudos, o sexo masculino associou-se mais que o feminino com: ser solteiro, ap...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review

Mathis

Alvarenga

Funaro

et al. 2011

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

146

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“…Recently, Pujol et al [20] have found reduced gray matter volumes in the medial frontal gyrus, the medial OFC, and the left insulo-opercular region. Similarly, Choi et al [21] have shown volume reduction of the left anterior OFC in patients with OCD.…”

Section: Key Brain Regionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Review of structural neuroimaging in patients with refractory obsessivecompulsive disorder

Atmaca

2011

Neurosci. Bull.

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Abstract:The notion that some special brain regions may be involved in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Structural neuroimaging studies in the past 2 decades have revealed important findings that facilitate understanding of OCD pathogenesis. Current knowledge based on functional and structural neuroimaging investigations largely emphasizes abnormalities in fronto-striatal-thalamic-cortical and orbitofronto-striato-thalamic circuits in the pathophysiology of OCD. However, these neuroimaging studies did not focus on refractory OCD. The present review mainly focused on structural neuroimaging performed in OCD, which had been ignored previously, and highlighted current evidence supporting that orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus are key brain regions, and that the hippocampus-amygdala complex is associated with refractoriness to the available treatment strategies.However, to fully reveal the neuroanatomy of refractoriness, longitudinal studies with larger samples are required.

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“…However, in a separate volumetric study from Barcelona, few if any differences were observed. 163 Such preliminary data foreshadow the type of neuroimaging studies that need to be performed in order to validate current dimensional approaches as powerful surrogate indices of neural profiles, or conversely to confirm these brain imaging measures as robust biomarkers of the dimensional phenotypes. In this regard, it is important to emphasize that neuroimaging research could help to refine how the clinical phenotypes are characterized, so as to optimize concordance between clinical phenotypic designations and mediating neural profiles.…”

Section: Endophenotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies

et al. 2004

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) clinical presentation is remarkably diverse, and can vary both within and across patients over time. This variability in the phenotypic expression has led to the hypothesis that OCD is a heterogeneous disorder and that this heterogeneity obscures the findings of clinical, natural history and treatment response studies and complicates the search for vulnerability genes. A complete understanding of what comprises OCD and the underlying etiological mechanisms will require a dramatic change in how the disorder is conceptualized. In this review, several different approaches that may represent the first steps in this reconceptualization are discussed. These approaches include (1) narrowing the phenotype to identify categorically defined more homogeneous and mutually exclusive subtypes of OCD, (2) considering OC symptom dimensions as quantitative components of the more complex OCD phenotype and (3) broadening the phenotype to include other etiologically related conditions. A combined dimensional approach within distinctive subgroups is proposed as probably the most effective in helping to identify the heritable components of OCD. By identifying heritable components of OCD, it should be possible to find genes for these separate components. The review continues with the illustration of the possible role of some epigenetic risk and protective factors in the OCD presentation and the relevance of examining associated traits and/or endophenotypes to enhance our ability to understand the genetic basis of OCD. To conclude, we discuss the variability in treatment outcome and the significance of the development of specific pharmacological and/or behavioral based therapies tailored to each of these phenotypes. Molecular Psychiatry (2005) 10, 258-275.

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Mapping Structural Brain Alterations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Cited by 377 publications

References 55 publications

Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review

Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review

Review of structural neuroimaging in patients with refractory obsessivecompulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies

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