Mapping steam and water flow in petroleum reservoirs

Abstract

DISCLAMER

Shallow subsurface detection of buried weathered hydrocarbons using GPR and EMI

“…7). Because the trench with contaminated sand layering was dug on the west side of the survey site and oil sands are known to have low conductivities ((Wilt et al, 1997;Schmutz et al, 2012;Jones, 2010) and Table 1), it is very likely that the similarities in GPR and EMI are due to the presence of Table 1 Electrical conductivity of various Earth materials (Neal and Roberts, 2000;Jol, 2008;Jones, 2010). The conductivity of contaminated sand is from EMI results from the 2013 survey presented in this study.…”

“…These regions imply that there exists a low conductive body adjacent to a high conductive body. Because oil sands typically have high resistivities (Wilt et al, 1997;Schmutz et al, 2012), a mixture comprised of oil, sand, and salt water will have a lower conductivity than a mixture of only sand and salt water. Therefore, the region of low conductivity could be a location with a larger amount of weathered oil.…”

Application of 2.5D cross-hole electromagnetic inversion in Gudao Oil Field, East China

“…In the oil industry, it is mainly used to evaluate the fluid distribution and monitor the resisitivity variation of the subsurface formation when enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, such as water flooding, steam or CO 2 injection, and chemical sweeping are used to mobilize hydrocarbons in heavy oil deposits or recover additional oil from depleted reservoirs (Wilt et al, 1995;Christopherson, 2001). Wilt et al (1995Wilt et al ( , 1997 reported on the application of crosswell EM in steamflood monitoring. Hoversten et al (2004) introduced an examination of coincident surveys of crosswell electromagnetic and seismic imaging at a steam flood project and demonstrated the sensitivity of the two techniques to different reservoir parameters.…”