Mapping of Urinary Schistosomiasis in Anambra State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Mapping the distribution of parasitic diseases in time and space has a pivotal role to play in their control. Objectives: This study mapped urinary schistosomiasis in Anambra State. Methods: Sampling covered the three senatorial districts, Anambra North, Anambra Central and Anambra South. However, only nine of the 21 local government areas (LGAs) and one town in each LGA were covered. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the distribution of schistosomiasis in the state. With the aid of GIS, the distance of the towns to water bodies was calculated. A total of 450 urine samples collected from the nine LGAs were examined for haematuria and Schistosoma haematobium eggs. A questionnaire was used to assess exposure and risks status to infection. The urine samples were examined for haematuria using dipstick and microscopy. Findings: Overall prevalence of infection in the study was 2.9% and 5.5% for microscopy and haematuria, respectively. Prevalence of schistosomiasis was different between the districts, and this was statistically significant (χ 2 = 7.763, p = 0.021). Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the towns had a significant negative linear relationship with distance to water body (r = –0.767, p = 0.016). Based on infection status from microscopy, the adjusted odds of infection in fishers was over 103 times higher than in students; the difference was significant statistically (AOR = 103.0443, 95% CI = 4.6278–7093.972, p = 0.0114). People who washed things in stream had 12 times significantly greater odds of infection than those that did not (AOR = 12.4585, 95% CI = 1.9590–258.8108, p = 0.02542). The distance of respondents to stream was a major determinant of infection with urinary schistosomiasis in the state. Those who lived close to water were approximately 1131% more likely to be infected than those who lived far from water bodies (AOR = 11.3157, 95% CI 2.2473–90.6889, p = 0.00713). Conclusions: Anambra State is endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. There is therefore a need for focal studies; and there may probably be a need to design a health program aimed at controlling the infection in focal areas in the state. The study also provides relevant information for designing a plan of action for the selective integrated and targeted control of urinary schistosomiasis in the LGAs.

Adoption of Bio-fortified Pro-Vitamin-A Cassava and Health Outcome of Farming Households in Abia and Anambra States Nigeria

“…These States are in the southeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Anambra State lies between latitudes 5° 40′ 00″ N and 6° 50′ 00″ N and longitudes 6° 40′ 00″ E and 7° 20′ 00″ E (Ndukwe et al, 2019) while Abia State lies between latitudes 4 o 40′ and 6 o 14′ N, and longitudes 7 o 10′ and 8 o E (Apeh et al, 2017). This paper used a multistage sampling procedure to select respondents.…”

Distribution and Factors Associated With Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Tiko Health District, A Semi-urban Setting, South West Region, Cameroon

“…This may be because most people in these communities live very close to the stream (> 80%) and are involved in intense contact with surface water. On the other hand, communities like HOL Q2 (92%; 12.5%) and HOL Q6 (83%; 17%), where most of the people live far (≥ 100 m) from open water surface, have access to alternative improved water sources such as protected wells and boreholes had low prevalence of infection [37]. This study strongly demonstrates the local transmission of schistosomiasis which suggests focus attention in the control of this disease.…”

“…Conversely, the prevalence of infection in males and females was similar. It is likely that, socioeconomic conditions, and habits in the THD could modify sexbiased tendencies to participate in activities that predispose to infection with S. haematobium [17,37]. Males and females equally participate in activities such as bathing, swimming, and washing in streams, which served as major predisposing factors.…”

Schistosomiasis in Nigeria: Gleaning from the past to improve current efforts towards control

“…In 2013, a nationwide mapping and prediction of schistosomiasis in Nigeria was undertaken [ 42 ]. Others have been conducted in different states of the country [ 43 , 44 ]. Few studies have also identified schistosomiasis transmission foci by mapping out areas with abundance of freshwater snails that serve of intermediate hosts of schistosomes [ 45 , 46 ].…”