Mapping multiple water pollutants across China using the grey water footprint

Feng, Haoyuan; Sun, Fengyun; Liu, Yaoyi; Zeng, Peng; Deng, Lingzhi; Che, Yue

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147255

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…GWF is defined as the quantity of fresh water required to assimilate pollutant loads to achieve the specific environmental water quality standard [ 29 , 34 ], and it is an effective indicator for quantitatively evaluating the impact of human activities on freshwater systems [ 55 ]. It includes the main sources of water pollution in three sectors: agricultural, industrial, and domestic [ 26 , 28 , 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the concept of grey water footprint (GWF) has been proposed as an indicator of water pollution induced by pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus [ 25 , 26 ]. GWF evaluates the degree of water pollution by considering the amount of fresh water needed to dilute the water pollutants to meet certain water quality standards [ 27 , 28 ]. It has been found that the regional GWF is higher than the VWF, which indicates that water quality issues would lead to more serious water stress than water quantity consumption [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen et al [ 34 ] estimated the water quality situation of the irrigated region of Yinchuan (China) using the GWF model and revealed its potential driving factors. Feng et al [ 28 ] quantified the GWF in China from 2003 to 2018, and concluded a continuous deterioration of the surface water quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Regional Coordination Relationship between Water Utilization and Urbanization Based on Decoupling Analysis: A Case Study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

Shen

Yao

2022

IJERPH

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Understanding the potential association between the urbanization process and regional water shortage/pollution is conducive to promoting the intensive utilization of local water resources. In this study, the water footprint model was used to estimate water utilization status in terms of both water quantity (virtual water footprint (VWF)) and water quality (grey water footprint (GWF)) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region (China) during 2004–2017. Their potential coordination relationship with the local urbanization process represented by the gross domestic product (GDP), population (POP), and built-up area (BA) was examined using the Tapio decoupling model. The results showed that from 2004 to 2017, (1) VWF in Beijing and Tianjin showed non-significant decreasing trends, with reductions of 1.08 × 109 and 1.56 × 109 m3, respectively, while that in Hebei showed a significant increasing trend, with an increase of 5.74 × 109 m3. This indicated a gradually increasing water demand in Hebei and decreasing demand in Beijing and Tianjin. In all three regions, the agricultural sector accounted for a relatively high proportion of VWF compared to other sectors. (2) GWF in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei all showed declining trends, with reductions of 2.19 × 1010, 2.32 × 1010, and 1.66 × 1011 m3, respectively, indicating considerable local water quality improvement. The domestic sector contributed as the main component of GWF in Beijing, while agriculture was the main contributor in Hebei. The major contributor in Tianjin transitioned from the domestic (before 2015) to the agricultural sector. (3) We found good coordination between VWF and GDP in all three regions, as their local economic development was no longer overly dependent on water consumption. However, the expansion of urban built-up area or population would bring about accelerated depletion of water resources. (4) GWF in the three provinces showed good coordination with GDP, POP, and BA in most years, implying that the development of urbanization no longer strongly caused the pollution of water resources. In sum, policymakers should focus on improving agricultural irrigation efficiency and residents’ awareness of water conservation, so as to gradually achieve sustainable water resource management in the BTH region.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Regional Coordination Relationship between Water Utilization and Urbanization Based on Decoupling Analysis: A Case Study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

Shen

Yao

2022

IJERPH

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“…In order to comprehensively introduce the concept, calculation, and evaluation of water footprint and promote the research of water footprint, Hoekstra et al [17] compiled the Water Footprint Assessment Manual. As an effective water resource management tool [22], grey water footprint can analyze water resources from different scales of countries, regions, and watersheds [23][24][25][26]. It is widely used in agriculture, industry, service industry, and other fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification and Evaluation of Grey Water Footprint in Yantai

Xue

Lü

et al. 2022

Water

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Problems such as water scarcity and pollution frequently occur in coastal zones. This study investigated the grey water footprint and the sustainability and intensity of grey water footprint in Yantai between 2014 and 2019 by taking both surface water and groundwater into consideration. The research results indicated that the Yantai grey water footprint firstly increased and then decreased between 2014 and 2019. The lowest grey water footprint in 2019 was 744 million m3. The agricultural grey water footprint accounted for a large proportion of the total grey water footprint. Although the sustainability of grey water footprint fluctuates in Yantai, it maintains well. The Yantai grey footprint intensity gradually decreased to <10 m3/10,000 CNY. The economic benefit of grey water footprint and utilization efficiency of water resources have been improved yearly. The quality of the water environment in Yantai has also been improved. The research of this paper provides some useful information for water resources protection and sustainable utilization in coastal cities.

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“…In light of specific sector, the grey water footprint of agriculture was influenced by variations in available water [6]. Traditionally, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were chosen as indicators to quantify the grey water footprint in China [7]. On the regional scale, the amount of grey water footprint in China decreased from southeast to northwest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grey water footprint assessment of domestic wastewater in Guangdong section of the Dongjiang River Basin

Zhang

Tan

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Water pollution in river basins has become one of the main factors in restricting regional social-economic development. Water footprint assessment at river basin level is a hot issue in the research on water for sustainable development. In this study, the grey water footprint method was introduced for domestic wastewater assessment. The approach can effectively reflect the impact of water pollution on the amount of available water resources by evaluating the degree of water pollution from the perspective of water quantity. In order to verify the approach, the region of Guangdong section of the Dongjiang River Basin (GD-DRB) was selected as a case. Based on multiple pollutants (i.e., CODCr, NH3-N, BOD5 and TP), grey water footprint of the river basin was calculated. The results showed that the grey water footprint of domestic water in the urban area of the region was higher than that in the rural area. The total amount of grey water footprint in the region was 28.41 billion m3. The main pollutants in the region were phosphorus and organic compounds.

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Mapping multiple water pollutants across China using the grey water footprint

Cited by 39 publications

References 47 publications

Exploring the Regional Coordination Relationship between Water Utilization and Urbanization Based on Decoupling Analysis: A Case Study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

Exploring the Regional Coordination Relationship between Water Utilization and Urbanization Based on Decoupling Analysis: A Case Study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region

Quantification and Evaluation of Grey Water Footprint in Yantai

Grey water footprint assessment of domestic wastewater in Guangdong section of the Dongjiang River Basin

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