“…The aforementioned stream of literature leads us to examine the underlying patterns in UU, II, GG, UI, UG, and IG relationships in international scientific collaboration. Previous studies of relationships between countries considered the geographic, linguistic, and economic attributes of countries to be major factors that influenced the structure of international networks such as global telecommunications networks (Lee, Monge, Bar, & Matei, ; Monge & Matei, ); television/music/film networks (Chung, ; Moon, Barnett, & Lim, ; Varis, ); and hyperlink networks (Barnett, Chon, & Rosen, ; Barnett, Park, Jiang, Tang, & Aguillo, ; Park & Thelwall, ; Park, Barnett, & Chung, ). These studies employed economic factors to explain the dominance of core countries and the dependence of (semi)peripheral actors on core actors, and geographic and linguistic factors to describe the formation of regional clusters that shared some historical and cultural similarities.…”