Mapping Intelligence: Requirements and Possibilities

Abstract

New types of artificial intelligence (AI), from cognitive assistants to social robots, are challenging meaningful comparison with other kinds of intelligence. How can such intelligent systems be catalogued, evaluated, and contrasted, with representations and projections that offer meaningful insights? To catalyse the research in AI and the future of cognition, we present the motivation, requirements and possibilities for an atlas of intelligence: an integrated framework and collaborative open repository for collecting and exhibiting information of all kinds of intelligence, including humans, non-human animals, AI systems, hybrids and collectives thereof. After presenting this initiative, we review related efforts and present the requirements of such a framework. We survey existing visualisations and representations, and discuss which criteria of inclusion should be used to configure an atlas of intelligence.

Augmented Reality, Artificial Intelligence, and the Re‐enchantment of the World

“…In addition, research in AI makes it possible for the second feature of enchantment, namely, meaning within the cosmos, to become operative once again, by belief in a new cosmic order and chain of being through continuity between machine intelligence and HI (Mazlish ; Søraker ; Hernández‐Orallo ; Bhatnagar et al. ).…”

On Defining Artificial Intelligence

“…It is well known that there is no widely accepted definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Kirsh, 1991;Allen, 1998;Hearst and Hirsh, 2000;Brachman, 2006;Nilsson, 2009;Bhatnagar et al, 2018;Monett and Lewis, 2018). Consequently, the term "AI" has been used with many different senses, both within the field and outside it.…”

“…However, without a clear definition of the term, "it is difficult for policy makers to assess what AI systems will be able to do in the near future, and how the field may get there. There is no common framework to determine which kinds of AI systems are even desirable" (Bhatnagar et al, 2018).…”

“…AI is certainly such a case, and there also have been studies on animal intelligence (Tomasello, 2000;Goldstein, Princiotta, and Naglieri, 2015), collective/group intelligence (Hofstadter, 1979;Leimeister, 2010), and alien/extraterrestrial intelligence (Regis, 1985;Cabrol, 2016). Though there are many controversies in each of these discussions, as far as we take such a discussion as meaningful, we have already accepted the usage of intelligence as a general concept with multiple special cases that can be different from each other here or there while still maintaining certain common nature (Bhatnagar et al, 2018).…”

“…Such a picture is described by Nils Nilsson in his talk "Routes to the Summit" in the "AI@50" conference, 2 in which he took different approaches as starting from different "base camps." According to the latter, each approach only addresses part of the picture, and eventually they should be combined together to get a whole solution, and probably can be organized into an "atlas of intelligence" (Bhatnagar et al, 2018). Both metaphors consider the approaches as complements of each other, though in different ways.…”