Mapping changes in housing in sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2015

Tusting, Lucy S.; Bisanzio, Donal; Alabaster, Graham; Cameron, Ewan; Cibulskis, Richard; Davies, Martin; Flaxman, Seth; Gibson, Harry S.; Knudsen, Jakob; Mbogo, Charles; Okumu, Fredros O.; Seidlein, Lorenz von; Weiss, Daniel J.; Lindsay, Steve W.; Gething, Peter W.; Bhatt, Samir

doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1050-5

Cited by 144 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…It is estimated that over 52% of the population now live in urban settings [7,8]. During the last decade, increase living standards and wealth in urban settings let to housing improvements such as the replacement of traditional houses made of mud with thatched roofs by modern houses constructed with concrete cement blocks with corrugated metal and tiled roofs [13][14][15][16]. Modern constructions or well-constructed houses have been reported to provide high protection against mosquito bites and malaria transmission compare to traditional style houses [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet the rapid demographic growth of cities also saw the fast development of informal settlements [17]. In sub-Saharan Africa cities, it is estimated that 47% of the urban population lives in informal settlements or poorly constructed houses [13,17]. Up to date the influence of house characteristics on the exposition to vector borne diseases transmission has not been fully addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of house characteristics on mosquito distribution and malaria transmission in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Ngadjeu

Doumbe-Belisse

Talipouo

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Improving house structure is known to limit contact between humans and mosquitoes and reduce malaria transmission risk. In the present study, the influence of house characteristics on mosquito distribution and malaria transmission risk was assessed in the city of Yaoundé. Methods:The study was conducted from March 2017 to June 2018 in 32 districts of the city of Yaoundé. Mosquito collections were performed indoor in 10 to 15 houses per district using CDC light traps. A total of 467 houses, selected randomly were used. A pretested questionnaire was submitted to participants of the study to collect information on the household: the number of people per house, education level, type of walls, presence of ceilings and eaves, number of windows, usage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), number of bedroom and number of window. Mosquitoes collected were identified morphologically. Anophelines were tested by ELISA to detect infection by Plasmodium parasites. General Estimating Equations adjusting for repeated measures in the same house fitting negative binomial analysis were used to assess the influence of house characteristics on mosquito distribution. Results:A total of 168,039 mosquitoes were collected; Culex spp emerged as the predominant species (96.48%), followed by Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (2.49%). Out of the 1033 An. gambiae s.l. identified by PCR, 90.03% were Anopheles coluzzii and the remaining were An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) (9.97%). The high number of people per household, the presence of screens on window and the possession of LLINs were all associated with fewer mosquitoes collected indoors, whilst opened eaves, the high number of windows, the presence of holes in walls and living close to breeding sites were associated with high densities of mosquitoes indoor. Out of 3557 Anophelines tested using ELISA CSP, 80 were found infected by Plasmodium falciparum parasites. The proportion of mosquitoes infected did not vary significantly according to house characteristics. Conclusion:The study indicated that several house characteristics such as, the presence of holes on walls, opened eaves, unscreened window and living close to breeding sites, favored mosquito presence in houses. Promoting frequent use of LLINs and house improvement measures, such as the use of screen on windows, closing eaves, cleaning the nearby environment, should be integrated in strategies to improve malaria control in the city of Yaoundé.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of house characteristics on mosquito distribution and malaria transmission in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Ngadjeu

Doumbe-Belisse

Talipouo

et al. 2020

Malar J

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“…While much of the focus is paid to finding new chemical actives and combinations, considerably less attention is paid to how malaria mosquitoes actually respond to the indoor interventions such as IRS and LLINs. This is despite the changing housing designs and structures across Africa [34], and the demonstrated impact of housing on vector densities and malaria transmission [35][36][37][38]. Instead indoor interventions still primarily rely on historical evidence of mosquito indoor resting habits [39,40], which are now due for update in light of modern transformations [34].…”

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confidence: 99%

Preferred resting surfaces of dominant malaria vectors inside different house types in rural south-eastern Tanzania

Msugupakulya

Kaindoa

Ngowo

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Malaria control in Africa relies extensively on indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). IRS typically targets mosquitoes resting on walls, and in few cases, roofs and ceilings, using contact insecticides. Unfortunately, little attention is paid to where malaria vectors actually rest indoors, and how such knowledge could be used to improve IRS. This study investigated preferred resting surfaces of two major malaria vectors, Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis, inside four common house types in rural southeastern Tanzania. Methods: The assessment was done inside 80 houses including: 20 with thatched roofs and mud walls, 20 with thatched roofs and un-plastered brick walls, 20 with metal roofs and un-plastered brick walls, and 20 with metal roofs and plastered brick walls, across four villages. In each house, resting mosquitoes were sampled in mornings (6 a.m.-8 a.m.), evenings (6 p.m.-8 p.m.) and at night (11 p.m.-12.00 a.m.) using Prokopack aspirators from multiple surfaces (walls, undersides of roofs, floors, furniture, utensils, clothing, curtains and bed nets). Results: Overall, only 26% of An. funestus and 18% of An. arabiensis were found on walls. In grass-thatched houses, 33-55% of An. funestus and 43-50% of An. arabiensis rested under roofs, while in metal-roofed houses, only 16-20% of An. funestus and 8-30% of An. arabiensis rested under roofs. Considering all data together, approximately 40% of mosquitoes rested on surfaces not typically targeted by IRS, i.e. floors, furniture, utensils, clothing and bed nets. These proportions were particularly high in metal-roofed houses (47-53% of An. funestus; 60-66% of An. arabiensis). Conclusion: While IRS typically uses contact insecticides to target adult mosquitoes on walls, and occasionally roofs and ceilings, significant proportions of vectors rest on surfaces not usually sprayed. This gap exceeds one-third of malaria mosquitoes in grass-thatched houses, and can reach two-thirds in metal-roofed houses. Where field operations exclude roofs during IRS, the gaps can be much greater. In conclusion, there is need for locally-obtained data on mosquito resting behaviours and how these influence the overall impact and costs of IRS. This study also emphasizes the need for alternative approaches, e.g. house screening, which broadly tackle mosquitoes beyond areas reachable by IRS and ITNs.

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“…In an effort to push forward the research agenda, new data sources may be explored to obtain more reliable and standardized estimates of housing quality and of rental prices. A promising avenue, recently applied in a study for Sub-Saharan Africa, could be the combination of high-resolution satellite photography with household survey data (Tusting et al 2019).…”

Section: Final Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing, Imputed Rent, and Households' Welfare

Ceriani¹,

Olivieri²,

Ranzani³

2019

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The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

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Mapping changes in housing in sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2015

Cited by 144 publications

References 16 publications

Influence of house characteristics on mosquito distribution and malaria transmission in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Influence of house characteristics on mosquito distribution and malaria transmission in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Preferred resting surfaces of dominant malaria vectors inside different house types in rural south-eastern Tanzania

Housing, Imputed Rent, and Households' Welfare

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