“…In line with these developments, the beginning of the new millennium highlights an impressive process of growth, maturation, and evolution of artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) [12]. As such, AI has already been utilized in predicting students' achievement [13], identifying atrisk students in earlier stages [14,15], determining the main factors that will affect students' performance [16], conducting performance evaluation, providing descriptive information about them and contributing to teaching process [17], creating flexible, efficient learning tools, and implementing adaptive learning techniques [18]. Additionally, AI systems can drive increased student engagement leading to improved learning outcomes, integrate technologies involving interactivity, dialogue, automated question generation, and learning analytics [19].…”